[50] He also showed a preference of leading from the front and prided himself on avoiding the rear areas, which he called a "cesspool. On July 1, 1986, he was promoted to lieutenant general, and was reassigned to Fort Lewis as commander of I Corps. [103], The air campaign against Iraq began on January 17, 1991, after 139 days of planning and buildup. Schwarzkopf was selected over a more popular choice, Vice Admiral Henry C. Mustin because commanders considered him an accomplished strategic thinker, who had experience both in combat and with diplomacy and had great knowledge of the Middle East from his childhood experiences there. After diplomatic relations broke down, he planned and led Operation Desert Storm, an extended air campaign followed by a highly successful 100-hour ground offensive, which defeated the Iraqi Army and liberated Kuwait in early 1991. The quick rise of the reputation and status of the organization could be directly attributed to the leadership, foresight, and wisdom of the Superintendent, Colonel H. Norman Schwarzkopf, his capable staff, and the dedicated, untiring efforts of the troopers on the road. [30] His rehabilitation of the 1st Battalion, 6th Infantry stressed survival as well as offense. [102], Schwarzkopf also had an agreeable relationship with his deputy commander, Lieutenant General Calvin Waller, who handled much of the administrative burden. [121] Schwarzkopf later wrote it would have been a mistake to continue the offensive and capture all of Iraq, noting that the U.S. would likely have had to pay the entire cost of rebuilding the country. He was married to Brenda Holsinger. [45], Between 1970 and 1983, Schwarzkopf took on a number of different assignments. [69] Schwarzkopf was named deputy commander of the invasion at the last minute, leaving him with little say in the planning. The Iraqi officers said that they used the helicopter gunships as aerial ambulances, but that some were armed with … Commander in Gulf War, Dies at 78", "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement", "Gen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf Biography Photo", "1993 Salute to Excellence, Stars of today and tomorrow meet in Glacier", United States Army Center for Military History, Barbara Walters Interview with General Schwarzkopf, Coalition commander in the Persian Gulf War, General H. 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[120], Schwarzkopf returned to the United States after the Gulf War as a national hero, and his ability to effectively deal with the press left him a positive image. [98] He planned a strategic bombing campaign to precede an offensive into Kuwait,[99] simultaneously striking the forward Iraqi forces and their supply lines. [40] He got his first combat experience on August 3, when he was the senior adviser to a force of 1,000 South Vietnamese paratroopers sent to relieve a beleaguered South Vietnamese Army force at Đức Cơ Camp. [71], He flew into St. George's on the second day of the operation. He became an instant national celebrity and the source of great curiosity by the general public. [121] Queen Elizabeth II honorarily knighted Schwarzkopf and he was awarded many other military accolades from foreign countries. [94][95] While planning, Schwarzkopf remained in frequent contact with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Colin Powell (both Vietnam veterans) concerning Schwarzkopf's plans for the offensive. He was the chief army adviser to the overall operation commander, Vice Admiral Joseph Metcalf III, Commander, United States Second Fleet/Commander Joint Task Force 120. Badge # 1 Length of term: 14 years 11 months Service Dates: 07/01/1921 - 06/07/1936. While serving as the commander of United States Central Command, he led all coalition forces in the Gulf War. He was assigned as executive officer to the chief of staff at MACV headquarters, based at Tan Son Nhut Air Base in Saigon. The result was a legal and political coup of sorts, with more than 300 organizations signing more than 60 briefs supporting the university. His plan for direct and overwhelming force was initially criticized in Washington as uncreative. [31][32] He graduated 43rd of 480 in the class of 1956 with a Bachelor of Engineering degree. In 1983, he was Deputy Commander of the U.S. invasion of Grenada. He also worked to minimize the culture clash among foreigners in sharia-dominated Saudi Arabia, such as the high visibility of women in military roles. On May 28, 1970, Schwarzkopf landed his helicopter when discovering troops of B Company who had stumbled into a minefield. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Two company officers had been wounded and two soldiers were trapped, fearful of setting off more mines. [143] He staged visible media appearances that played to patriotism. Born in Trenton, New Jersey, Schwarzkopf grew up in the United States and later in Iran. [148], Schwarzkopf was awarded the following military decorations:[149], This article is about the Gulf War general. On November 7, 1994, Schwarzkopf won $14,000 for the Boggy Creek Gang on Celebrity Jeopardy! Ricks said that Schwarzkopf was overly cautious in the execution of his plans because of his fear of repeating mistakes in Vietnam, which meant his troops failed to destroy the Iraqi Republican Guard. Resistance was lighter than Schwarzkopf expected, and Iraqi troops surrendered in large numbers. [104][105] Schwarzkopf sent a prepared statement to the troops ahead of the first airstrikes, which were timed to hit their targets at 02:40. However, he refused medical evacuation or to relinquish command until the objective had been captured and so he was awarded a second Silver Star and a Purple Heart. More than that, he was a good and decent man and a dear friend. Dec. 27, 2012 — -- H. Norman Schwarzkopf, the retired general credited with leading U.S.-allied forces to a victory in the first Gulf War, died today at age 78. Like his father, Schwarzkopf attended the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York, graduating in 1956. [100] Schwarzkopf's experience in the Middle East allowed him to understand the factors surrounding the conflict, including the allied commanders, with greater ease. Schwarzkopf then accompanied Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney to meet with Saudi King Fahd to convince him to allow U.S. troops into Saudi Arabia to counter the Iraqi military. The operation was plagued by logistical difficulties, exacerbated by poor communication and lack of co-operation between the branches of the United States military. He was gassed with mustard gas, making him susceptible to respiratory illnesses for the rest of his life. He declined to measure the success of the campaign by counting suspected Iraqi casualties, believing that would undermine his credibility. He initially endorsed an invasion after Colin Powell's presentation to the United Nations on February 6, 2003. He was an actor, known for The American President (2000), Brats: Our Journey Home (2006) and The Hidden Wars of Desert Storm (2001). He was critical of the lack of a reconstruction plan after the fall of Baghdad, feeling the initial offensive operations plans did not take into account the cultural complexities of Iraq. He was involved in an incident where the colonel commanding the 22nd Marine Amphibious Unit initially refused to fly Army troops in Marine helicopters. [76], In November 1988, Schwarzkopf was named commander of United States Central Command (CENTCOM), succeeding General George B. Crist. [147] After the war, Schwarzkopf was very critical of military analysts who scrutinized his operation, felt that some of them were poorly informed on the factors involved in his planning, and felt that others were violating operations security by revealing too much about how he might plan the operation. For his father, the major general and lead investigator in the. The U.S. commander in the Gulf War served during the administration of President George H.W. [92] Through October, Schwarzkopf and his command were occupied with setting up facilities and supply lines for the troops streaming into Saudi Arabia. New Jersey State Police troopers attended the funeral of Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf, a Garden State native whose father, Col. H. Norman Schwarzkopf, founded the state police. By August 5, Bush opted for an aggressive response to the invasion. [123], In 1992, Schwarzkopf published a memoir, It Doesn't Take a Hero, about his life; it became a bestseller. He later said that the troops were initially demoralized and in poor condition, racked with rampant drug use and disciplinary problems as well as a lack of support from home. [72] He held the post for 14 months before returning to the Pentagon as Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans in August 1987. [10], He attended the Community High School in Tehran, later the International School of Geneva,[23] and briefly Frankfurt American High School, in Frankfurt, Germany (1948–49), and Heidelberg American High School, in Heidelberg, Germany (1949–50). In doing so, another mine was set off, killing three and wounding Schwarzkopf's artillery officer. This heather Slate long sleeve shirt pays homage to our first Colonel, H. Norman Schwarzkopf. [58][59] In October 1976, he moved to Fort Lewis, Washington, to command the 1st Brigade of the 9th Infantry Division,[60] where he impressed his division commander, Major General Richard E. Cavazos. [91] By mid-October, Schwarzkopf indicated he was confident the forces were of a sufficient level that they could defend Saudi Arabia if it was attacked. The center figure is Colonel H. Norman Schwarzkopf who started the New Jersey State Police in 1921. He pushed for offensive combat over defensive operations in the Gulf War. From 1974 to 1982 he held a series of two-year assignments while rising steadily through the ranks. Biography of Col. H. Norman Schwarzkopf, lead investigator in the Lindbergh kidapping case. Assuming command of United States Central Command in 1988, Schwarzkopf was called on to respond to the invasion of Kuwait in 1990 by the forces of Ba'athist Iraq under Saddam Hussein. While he initially did not think the US should have been involved in the conflict, he later said he considered the mission a success because it reasserted the dominance of the US military after the Vietnam War. [38] He was required to teach at the Military Academy for three years, but after a year he volunteered for service in South Vietnam for faster career advancement with a combat tour. He would usually not attack media coverage, even if negative, unless he felt it was blatantly incorrect. [142], Schwarzkopf sought to change the relationship between journalists and the military, feeling that the news media's negative portrayal of the Vietnam War had degraded troops there. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Had H. Norman Schwarzkopf, the founder and head of the NJSP, been given a free hand at the onset of the crime, the kidnapper would have been arrested in the cemetery when he showed up for the ransom money. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [75] In a second role, Schwarzkopf served as the Army's senior member on the Military Staff Committee at the United Nations Security Council, where he began to build diplomatic skills in dealings with representatives from other countries. [32], During CENTCOM military exercises in July 1990, termed Internal Look '90, Schwarzkopf wrote up a scenario that tested how the command would respond to a regional dictator invading a neighboring country and threatening oilfields there, which closely mirrored the rising tension between Iraq and Kuwait. [74], In July 1985, Schwarzkopf began an 11-month assignment as Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans at the Pentagon. [85] Schwarzkopf, in particular, was very adamant to avoid repeating many of the policies governing military operations in Vietnam, especially the slow escalation of air power and troop force. He had a good relationship with Saudi commander Khalid bin Sultan, who, in turn, helped Schwarzkopf win over the Saudi Arabian populace. [61] Having been very successful in improving the combat readiness of the 1st Brigade, he was nominated to receive his first star as a brigadier general. In 1921, Colonel H. Norman Schwarzkopf, our first colonel and founder of the New Jersey State Police, issued General Order #1, which states “It shall be the duty of the members of the New Jersey State Police to prevent crime and pursue and apprehend offenders. [42][43] On February 14, 1966, Schwarzkopf led an ARVN paratrooper assault on a Viet Cong position, during which he was wounded four times by small arms fire. [44] The couple would later have three children: Cynthia, born in 1970; Jessica, born in 1972; and Christian, born in 1977. In some press conferences, he showed and explained advanced war-fighting technology that the U.S. possessed to impress the public. Schwarzkopf was born Aug. 22, 1934, in Trenton, New Jersey, where his father, Col. H. Norman Schwarzkopf Jr., founder and commander of the … [26][2] He then returned to West Point to serve an obligatory tour as an instructor in the Department of Mechanics. While serving as the commander of United States Central Command, he led all coalition forces in the Gulf War. [46][47], Despite the brigade's otherwise-controversial performance record, Schwarzkopf was quickly regarded as one of its best combat commanders. His father, Major Gen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf, a West Point graduate who fought in World War I, became head of New Jersey State Police, helping to … Upon returning to the United States, he spoke of a wariness of future conflicts to author C. D. B. Bryan in 1971:[55] He related those experiences under the assumed name of Lieutenant Colonel Byron Schindler:[56], I don't think there will ever be another major confrontation where the armies line up on both sides. [64] He returned to Washington, DC, for an assignment as director of personnel management for the Army, subordinate to the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, General Maxwell R. [66][67] He immediately established an extremely rigorous training regimen and became well known among the troops of the command for his strict training and aggressive personality. [106], The air campaign proved to be a success by achieving air superiority and destroying the Iraqi military's communications network, supplies, and many tanks and armored vehicles. Rising through the ranks after the Vietnam war, he later commanded the 24th Mechanized Infantry Division and was one of the commanders of the Invasion of Grenada in 1983. Notes: i Schwarzkopf, H. Norman. Probably the most anti-war people I know are Army officers—but if we do have a war, I think it's going to be limited in nature like Vietnam and Korea. [121], Following his retirement, Schwarzkopf attained a status as celebrity, and was highly praised in the news media. Although a medevac was on its way, Schwarzkopf ordered his UH-1 Huey to remove the wounded. War is a profanity, it really is. The two frequently hunted together and developed a close friendship. [63] He then served a two-year stint as assistant division commander of the 8th Infantry Division (Mechanized) in Germany. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He served two tours of duty (1965–66, 1969–70) in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War and returned a heavily decorated combat veteran. [17] In Iran, Norman learned shooting, horseback riding, and hunting. [18] Schwarzkopf developed a lifelong interest in Middle Eastern culture. Schwarzkopf's degree did not include a specific major, as was then common among West Point graduates, because he planned a career in the military and wanted a degree of freedom to choose its direction himself. Thurman. In 1993, Schwarzkopf was found to have prostate cancer, for which he was successfully treated. Norman Schwarzkopf, in full H. Norman Schwarzkopf, original name Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr., (born August 22, 1934, Trenton, New Jersey, U.S.—died December 27, 2012, Tampa, Florida), U.S. Army officer who commanded Operation Desert Storm, the American-led military action that liberated Kuwait from Iraqi occupation during the Persian Gulf War (1991). "[126] In a statement, President Barack Obama said "From his decorated service in Vietnam to the historic liberation of Kuwait and his leadership of United States Central Command, General Schwarzkopf stood tall for the country and Army he loved. Schwarzkopf led a highly publicized homecoming parade in Washington, DC, on June 8, 1991, where he was greeted by Bush amid thousands of onlookers. H Norman Schwarzkopf & NJ State Trooper History (1928) Freedom of Information Act - 1368 pages FBI Files Charles Lindbergh calmly led the police straight to the window under the baby's nursery and showed them the crude ladder suspected to be the one used in the baby's disappearance. "[133] While Colin Powell would say Schwarzkopf's strengths outweighed his weaknesses, Dick Cheney personally disliked what he considered Schwarzkopf's pretentious behavior with subordinates. He assumed command of CENTCOM, with his headquarters at MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa, Florida, and was promoted to general. Norman Schwarzkopf was born on August 22, 1934 in Trenton, New Jersey, USA as Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. When weapons of mass destruction were not located in the country after the invasion, he changed his stance. [11][13] He spent his childhood attached to his father, who subsequently became the narrator for the Gang Busters radio program. Among the many honors he received was the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2002. [6] In January 1952, the younger Schwarzkopf's birth certificate was amended to make his name "H. Norman Schwarzkopf", reportedly because his father detested his first name. [97] Schwarzkopf believed that more troops would reduce the likelihood of high casualties. He led the Pegasus Parade at the Kentucky Derby and was an honorary guest at the Indianapolis 500. His frequent short temper with subordinates was well known in his command. Schwarzkopf worked to help coordinate the contributions of the different nations contributing military forces to the effort. At first, Schwarzkopf was ambivalent during the run-up to the Iraq War in 2003. [114] Schwarzkopf, who had ordered a media blackout during the ground offensive, finally appeared before journalists on February 27 to explain his strategy. He was profiled by the Associated Press, the Washington Post, and Newsday, People, as well as praised in a Random House publication on the war, Triumph in the Desert. Most of the US and allied forces, however, were not combat veterans, and Schwarzkopf and the other allied commanders wanted to fight cautiously to minimize casualties. He supported John McCain in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. [125] He supported several children's charities and national philanthropic causes, and he was a spokesperson for prostate cancer awareness, recovery of the grizzly bear from endangered species status, and served on the Nature Conservancy board of governors. Hailed as a national hero after the war, Schwarzkopf retired from active service later that year. [45] His promotion ceremony occurred at Fort Lewis shortly after he had relinquished command of the brigade. Schwarzkopf was cremated and his ashes were buried near those of his father in the West Point Cemetery in a ceremony attended by cadets, military leaders, New York and New Jersey State Police Troopers. [73] Specifically, the operation demonstrated a need for greater joint roles in planning, deploying troops, and communicating operations. Schwarzkopf later recounted many officers and NCOs he met in the assignment "had no sense of duty or honor, and who saw the world through an alcoholic haze. [65] Schwarzkopf was promoted to major general. [101] In spite of the co-operation, he later said that he considered the Arab troops to be the least effective of the war. Schwarzkopf expected the war to last several weeks and had anticipated chemical weapon attacks by the Iraqi forces, which did not occur. Corrections? 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