Finishes such as PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) or Cerakote are actually ceramic coatings applied on the surface’s outside rather like a hard candy shell. The last two methods do not change the chemical composition of the steel and are essentially shallow-hardening methods. Because of inherent variation in case depth, the method is not used on work requiring a case depth of less than 0.030 in. This procedure is used with relatively low temperature carbonitriding for the production of shallow case-depths in the range of 0.1–0.4 mm. After making arrangements with their custom shop and completely detail stripping the gun, ship it to H&M. The case also contains up to about 0.5 percent nitrogen, therefore, file-hard cases can be obtained on quenching in spite of the relatively low carbon content. Case hardening is a simple approach that hardens the surface of a material by infusing elements into the metal. Actually carbonitriding is a modification of carburizing process. Flame or induction hardening are processes in which the surface of the steel is heated very rapidly to high temperatures (by direct application of an oxy-gas flame, or by induction heating) then cooled rapidly, generally using water; this creates a "case" of martensite on the surface. A nitrided case consists of two distinct zones. In cyaniding, the case is higher in nitrogen and lower in carbon. While light, strong, and having good thermal conductivity, the galling and impact deformation issues have limited it largely to peripheral, non-structural components such as muzzle devices, small controls, pins, and the like. With a 50,000 square foot facility staffed with 50 employees in Akron, Ohio and an additional 20,000 square foot Glendale, Arizona facility staffed with five employees, H&M maintains its own in-house metallurgical research and development testing laboratory and FFL license. In pack carburizing, the work is surrounded by a carburizing compound in a closed container. Cases that contain both carbon and nitrogen are produced in liquid salt baths (cyaniding) or by use of gas atmosphere (carbonitriding). The heat treatment of gears is reviewed in Chapters 8 through 12. Of interest to gunsmiths, ART’s research led to creating their ArmorTi process. This covers all internal areas, even inside screw holes and the like. And you can have it in any color you want… as long as it’s black, satin or matte. The case hardening pastes were prepared by using sesame oil or ghee, A phosphate coating is applied over the steel to facilitate absorption of the laser energy. ART develops metallurgical solutions for many industries, including aerospace, automotive, defense, energy, food, medical, mining, oil/gas, and steel. H&M charges a minimum fee based on the volume of each job. The coating took two years to develop and patent and is now used widely with the U.S. Navy and Coast Guard. The hardened zone is generally much deeper than that obtained by carburizing, ranging from 1/8 to 1/4 inch in depth. This method is generally used on metal alloys that have a low carbon content. The parts are then quenched and tempered. Hayward A. Harvey, (born Jan. 17, 1824, Jamestown, N.Y., U.S.—died Aug. 28, 1893, Orange, N.J.), versatile American inventor who discovered the modern method of strengthening armour plating.. Harvey began his career as a draftsman in the New York Screw Company, of which his father was president. This causes the selected areas to heat. Oven drying works well if you can set your oven to a temperature of 140 to 150°F. Nitriding is a lower distortion process than carburizing but it can be used for certain type of steels such as chromium-molybdenum alloy steels or Nitralloy-type steels. The white layer is brittle and tends to chip from the surface if its thickness is more than 0.0005 inch. Early attempts were difficult to clean and not very environmentally friendly. This method allows the surface carbon to be reduced to any desired value by using a diffusion period, during which the gas is turned off but temperature maintained. Chemical hardening methods- Ammonia, vinegar, alcohol(s), acetone, brine Mechanical hardening methods- Hammering “Stabilizing” methods- Beeswax, Stearic acid, “Pitchwax”, Gelatin, Elmer’s In this method,... Nitriding. It is difficult to quench the part immediately, as the sealed pack has to be opened and the part removed from the pack. bill aug 11, 2019 color case hardening, color case-hardening, faq's, latest news!, questions & answers, specialty finishes, tips & tricks, unique finishes 0 comment STEEL F/X® Patinas Specially Developed for Creating a Color Case-Hardened Finish. The atmospheres used in carbonitriding generally comprise a mixture of carrier gas, enriching gas and ammonia. The exception to this has been in suppressors as they don’t have to deal with friction. Many processes exist to change the properties of steel tools such tempering steel, oil quenching, precipitation hardening, and more. Testing revealed the coating was an excellent treatment for Navy submarine fire suppression valves and has since become a prime choice for applications requiring wear resistance in submerged environments in salty water and corrosive environments. After ArmorTi proved its worth there, Krytos started offering titanium pistol slides which had never been successfully accomplished before. Due to this, the entire pack is cooled slowly and the part is subsequently hardened and tempered. Case hardening describes lumber or timber that has been dried too rapidly. Carburizing and nitriding, the most common methods employed, and the resultant case‐hardened steels are compared. It forms a thin layer of hardened alloy called a case. Skill is required in adjusting and handling manually operated equipment to avoid overheating the work because of high flame temperature. Each work order is a customized process for those components shipped to the factory. Even though friction isn’t normally an issue, titanium use with suppressors leads to sparking issues. Where traditional titanium anodizing results is an oxide finish intended to reduce galling, it fails to hold up under extreme friction and other heavy load-related conditions found in firearms and many aerospace and automotive applications. The article also discusses various case depth measurement methods, including chemical, mechanical, visual, and nondestructive methods. For application where lower hardness is acceptable, medium carbon steels containing chromium and molybdenum (AISI 4100 and 4300 series) are used. Titanium has a reputation for deforming under impact. James Purdey & Sons Shotguns, Parker Shotguns, L.C. Originally, this process used bone charcoal heated to an exact temperature. Cyaniding and carbonitriding4. The equipment can be taken to the job and adjusted to treat only the area which requires hardening. Nitriding time for some steels is shown in the figure given above. The temperatures used are generally lower than those used in carburizing, between 1400 and 1600°F. Don’t miss a single issue. This process is not new and always held potential for firearm parts. It only increases the carbon content to some predetermined depth below the surface to a sufficient level to allow subsequent quench hardening. “Roughly 90% of the industry uses us in one way or another, to include high-end custom guns,” McMillen says. Protective coatings designed for steel can’t accommodate titanium’s lower stiffness. Titanium is a great material for gun building as it is light and strong but the friction is bad, galling is a big problem, and there are issues with impact damage. $47.52. This type of case coloring is common among Italian guns, such as the Caesar Guerini Woodlander at the top of the picture. The container is heated to the proper temperature for the required amount of time and then cooled slowly. H&M has customers that ship in 1-5,000 components per month which can dramatically reduce the price for a bulk savings. The difference between color case hardening and case hardening is the carbon compound uses. Place parts in a vented steel container, pack compound around parts, seal container tightly, and heat to 1750° F. Modern Browning and Winchester receivers are made from high-quality SAE 4140 steel which is heat-treated to a hardness of RC 38-42. Therefore, very quickly, a surface layer of high carbon (about 1.2 percent) is built up. for cyaniding and up to 0.030 in. There are certain metals like iron or steel, that have very low hardness. Modern heat treatment of metals and alloys encompasses, in addition to heat treatment proper, thermomechanical treatment, chemical-mechanical treatment, and chemical heat treatment. It is an ancient technology that goes back to approximately 1400BC. Blacknitride+™ and ArmorTi changes that notion. Shade McMillen explaining the Blacknitride process from their Glendale, AZ facility. In gas carburizing, the steel is heated in contact with carbon monoxide and/or a hydrocarbon which is readily decomposed at carburizing temperature. Single action revolvers, and shot guns are very popular to color case harden. Due to its thermal conductivity properties and light weight, it is common for titanium to be used in applications like firearm suppressors and muzzle devices, however sparking can be an issue. In general, the method is suitable for small and medium size parts as it is difficult to process large parts in a salt bath. Originally, this process used bone charcoal heated to an exact temperature. If the layer is thick, it is removed by lapping after nitriding. Titanium parts are first machined to dimension and then run through the process. The lower thermal conductivity of titanium makes it more difficult for the heat to transfer into a titanium part, keeping it cooler longer and cooling faster once it becomes hot. Carbon monoxide reacts with the low-carbon steel surface to form atomic carbon which diffuses into the steel. Color case hardening (sometimes referred to as case-hardening, case color hardening, or surface hardening) is a heat treating process and one of the earliest ways of hardening lower-grade steel. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. However, heat applied to the surface tends to flow towards the center by conduction, and so time of heating is an important factor in controlling the depth of the hardened zone. Depending on the frequency and amperage, the rate of heating as well as the depth of heating can be controlled. Metal surface cleaning is the beginning of any metal treatment. One of their developments is a wear-resistant coating for the defense industry, a thermochemical diffusion hardening process for titanium. Afterwards, the parts were removed from the furnace and quenched. Since nitrogen increases the hardenability, carbonitriding the less expensive carbon steels for many applications will provide properties equivalent to those obtained in gas-carburized alloy steels. Hardening is a heat treatment process carried out to increase the hardness of Steel. The case hardening process adds a thin layer of metal alloy to the outer surface of the metal. Simply apply the hardening compound to your metal parts, heat to the required temperature, then quench in oil or water for a professional grade, heat-treatment. The current chapter presents the investigation methodology of characteristic failures of chemical and process plants’ components, based mainly on case history investigation approach. In step 1 of this new method, steel is case carburized and oil quenched; much higher than normal carburizing temperatures can be used. The main disadvantages are the possibility of overheating and thus damaging the part and difficulty in producing hardened zones less than 1/16 inch in depth. Processing at a temperature of over 1,000°F where ferrous alloys and steel are in a ferritic phase provides advantages over other case hardening processes that occur in the hotter austenitic phase. CHERRY RED TR-CHER-5 Instant Case Hardening Compound 5 LB 4.8 out of 5 stars 5. This was commonly used for engine components in locomotives and known for its harsh wear and corrosive resistant properties. At the furnace temperature, the added ammonia (NH3) breaks up or dissociates to provide the nitrogen to the surface of the steel. In this method, low carbon steel, usually 0.20 percent carbon or lower is placed in an atmosphere that contains substantial amount of carbon monoxide. Color Case hardening is getting very popular. The process dates back to experiments in the 1950s. It has also been found that the resistance of a carbonitrided surface to softening during tempering is markedly superior to that of a carburized surface. Carbonitriding is a case hardening process in which a steel is heated in a gaseous atmosphere of such composition that carbon and nitrogen are absorbed simultaneously. Our detailed instructions take the mystery and witchcraft out of the process. While H&M works with big gun companies, they also run a custom shop that can work on individual customers and custom pieces. important method for the manufacture of plastic gears, is covered in Chapter 4. Thanks to further advances, it can now be done in a more aesthetic manner. The main advantages of flame hardening are adaptability and portability. Unlike other options, ArmorTi changes the metallurgy of the outer layer of the titanium by diffusing interstitial hardening elements into the surface instead of applying a new material to the outer surface of the titanium. However, corrosion resistance of stainless steel is reduced considerably by nitriding. Cyaniding is a case hardening process that is fast and efficient; it is mainly used on low carbon steels. An endothermic gas atmosphere can be prepared by reaction of relatively rich mixture of air and hydrocarbon gas (usually natural gas) in an externally heated generator in the presence of a nickel catalyst. Induction hardening. Wood initially dries from the shell (surface), shrinking the shell and putting the core under compression. A convection oven works well because it combines low heat with a fan to move the air. Step 2 eliminates ret “FNC was never intended for aesthetics and the process makes it difficult to achieve uniformity. The resulting nitride case is harder than carburized steels. It involves diffusive infiltration of carbon from the surface inwards and subsequent quenching of the layer thus formed. Boriding is a thermochemical surface hardening method which can be applied to a wide range of ferrous, non-ferrous and cermet materials. After quenching, the part should be stress-relieved by heating in the range of 350 to 400°F and air cooled. As H&M developed their process, the company introduced the technology to golf clubs and later expanded to firearms, finding it produces an excellent finish. In the zone below this white layer, alloy nitrides only have been precipitated. With their focus on titanium, ArmorTi creates a finish that overcomes the material’s weaknesses. These processes are commonly used on low-carbon, low-alloy steels, however they can also be used on medium and high-carbon steels. Some of the classic shotgun with case harden were. Again, emphasis has been placed on carburizing, the most common heat treatment applied to … Color case hardening uses similar techniques to achieve similar results. This makes ArmorTi for titanium the equivalent of Blacknitride+ for steel. Afterwards, the parts were removed from the furnace and quenched. Our process results in a more uniform look. Therefore, it is possible to heat a shallow layer of the steel without heating the interior. The main objective of present work is to investigate the effect of hardening by using herbals as quenchants and (as carburizing media) pastes. ... Have proper ventilation and use proper modern safety gear! The other advantage of this method is freedom from oxidation and sooting. Cases as deep as 0.025 in can be produces by this method. The cleaners for metal surfaces may be classified as solvent‐based or aqueous. Commercial practice is to use a carrier gas, such as obtained from an endothermic generator and enrich it with one of the hydrocarbon gases. The rate of diffusion of carbon in austenite, at a given temperature, is dependent upon the diffusion coefficient and the carbon concentration gradient. The effectiveness of this process depends on the formation of nitrides in the steel by reaction of nitrogen with certain alloying elements. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. In addition to the custom work, ArmorTi is featured on pre-made titanium parts from Krytos Industries (KrytosIndustries.com, 234/303-2727). The nitriding cycle is quite long depending upon the desired case depth. Generally, steel for flame hardening have 0.3 to 0.6 percent carbon. Once the arrangements are made through the custom shop and the guns shipped to H&M, the company has a two to three business day turn around for custom work. Usually ships within 3 to 5 weeks. The University of Akron is a public research university in Akron, Ohio. Under known and standard operating conditions, with the surface at fixed carbon concentration, the form of carbon gradient may be predicted, with reasonable accuracy, as a function of elapsed time. This produces a very hard and surface abrasion-resistant element, while at the same time Not only because they can’t promise to be familiar with every possible firearm but because Blacknitride+ will surface harden everything inside and out. Blacknitride+ is for steel parts, however, this type of surface-hardening treatment and finish is also available for titanium. With the advent of modern metals and the built in strength of these metals there is little need for true color case hardening on a currently produced firearm. Overheating can result in cracking after quenching and excessive grain growth in the region just below the hardened zone. Using a ArmorTi-treated Krytos titanium slide, a Glock 19 weighs in at 16 ounces. However it is not well suited to the production of thin carburized cases that must be controlled to close tolerances. 1. Around 1400 BC, hardening methods began to appear in armouries around the world. Change ). Like H&M, Akron Research and Technology offers a custom shop for gunsmiths. Easy-to-use compound case hardens plain and low carbon alloy steels. ArmorTi uses forced diffusion to harden titanium’s surface that results in a slick, durable, black finish with a Rockwell hardness of over 70 HRC. This surface treatment eliminates friction issues while improving impact resistance. For a modern firearm, color case hardening can create a unique, one-of-a-kind gun. Flame hardening is preferred for heavy cases or selective hardening of large machine components. The customer is liable for all damage should they mistakenly included parts made of aluminum. Let’s look at the multiple methods used in the ste… Because of this, the price per gun drops sharply when done in batches and volume work. This gas in turn reacts with the excess carbon in the charcoal to produce carbon monoxide, CO. The process can’t be used on springs and will absolutely destroy any aluminum parts. Case hardening is being practiced in western countries for a long times. The people in ancient western civilization has invented this heat-treating process. Induction hardening works best on parts small enough and suitable in shape to be compatible with the induction coil. Many old guns have faded color case hardening. A brief introduction addresses the progressive failure modes, focusing mainly on creep and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in special steel structural members. Single-quench hardening. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! This process is particularly used for parts requiring a very thin hard case, such as screws, small gears, bolts and nuts. Birchwood Casey Perma Color Case Coloring Finishing Kit, White, One Size 3.1 out of 5 stars 10. Hardest cases, approximately RC 70 are obtained with aluminium alloy steels known as Nitralloys. A carbon content of 0.3–0.6 wt% C is needed for this type of hardening. Nitriding3. Krytos began by offering titanium AR-15 bolt carriers. Diffusion methods modify the chemical composition of the surface with hard-ening species such as carbon, nitrogen, or boron. Compared to this, cyanide cases are seldom to a depth greater than 0.010 in. Heating results from the resistance of the metal to passage of these currents. There is no technical limit to the depth of hardening with carburizing techniques, but it is not common to carburize to depths in excess of 0.050 in. Work coil of different designs are used to suit different types of heating requirements like external heating, internal heating, etc. This process is also known as dry cyaniding, gas cyaniding and nicarbing. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. It replaces bluing and other less durable finishes.”. The part is heated to 871-954 °C (1600-1750 °F) in a bath of sodium cyanide and then is quenched and rinsed, in water or oil, to remove any residual cyanide. This crucible was heated to 1,350 °F (730 °C) for up to 6 hours (the longer the heat was applied the thicker the case hardening). ( Log Out /  Pack-In Surface-Hardening Compounds for Steel Harden carbon steel parts in batches, creating wear-resistant surfaces. Describing the various processes of Case Hardening. This is achieved by case hardening. ( Log Out /  When this shell is at a low moisture content it will 'set' and resist shrinkage. The first step is to contact them directly by phone or through their website and ask to speak with their custom shop. As an added advantage, hardening is accomplished in a nitrogen atmosphere which prevents scaling. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Since the core is of low carbon content, the carbon atoms trying to reach equilibrium will begin to diffuse inward. Having earned his Metallurgical Engineer degree there, McMillen and ART partnered with the school’s Research Foundation. A STEM-focused institution, it focuses on polymers, advanced materials, and engineering. A modern computerised nitriding furnace Nitriding is a heat treating process that diffuses nitrogen into the surface of a metal to create a case-hardened surface. Color case hardening services use bone charcoal to heat the steel to approximately 950 degrees Celsius before quenching the steel. Blacknitride+ is a QPQ steel hardening process tested for superior corrosion resistance, lower co-efficient of friction, and increase lubricity. Thermal conductivity is the ability for a material to absorb and transfer heat. Case hardening is a simple method of hardening steel involving the use of metal that has low carbon content, and combining it with a metal that has a higher carbon content. After making the same type of arrangements, gunsmith can have their titanium guns and parts finished with ArmorTi. H&M BlackNitride+ video demo This method is efficient and economical for individual processing of small lots of parts or of large, massive parts. This leaves a hard, lubricious surface that prevents galling. Case hardening consists of adding carbon to a low carbon steel. Color case hardening occurs when soft steels were packed in a reasonably airtight crucible in a mixture of charred leather, bone charcoal and wood charcoal. The carburizing compound is in the form of coarse particles or lumps so that when the cover of the container is sealed, sufficient air is trapped inside to form carbon monoxide. Degussa in Germany released their Tufftride/Tenifer process. The carburizing process does not harden the steel. In 1948, the family grandfather bought an interest in the company and in the late 1980s, the factory expanded its capabilities to provide salt bath nitriding. The origins of Case Hardening. However, as cyanide salts are poisonous, this method requires careful attention and the parts must be thoroughly washed after heat treatment to prevent rusting. This solves the problem that PVD coating failed to as PVD would instantly fall off due to the substrate not being strong enough to support the coating. just fyi, the old school method of case hardening steel is to get the piece so hot that a magnet will no longet stick to it and quickly quench it in used motor oil. They will provide specific instructions and details to obtain optimum results for your project and then will create an account to log in your order in their computer system. Methods. This is not an outer finish but a surface treatment. The selected areas of the part are exposed to laser energy. There are five principal methods of case hardening as under. The high-frequency induced currents tend to travel at the surface of the metal. Another advantage is the ability to treat components after machining since there is little scaling. What is case hardening? The result is a failure of the coating (typically cracking or delamination) resulting in wear on the titanium, most often leading to galling. The nitrogen source is usually ammonia (NH3). Barium carbonate promotes the formation of carbon dioxide (CO2). The ideal case-hardening process from an economical viewpoint is quenching the components directly from the carburizing temperature. Exposure is for a shorter time and thinner cases are produced, up to 0.010 in. Traditional finishing like bluing still looks great but performance and high-wear environments demand more durability. The reaction of nitrogen with the steel causes the formation of very hard iron and alloy nitrogen compounds. This process can minimize wear and tear and increase the strength of the steel parts’ surface. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. $92.82. Ferritic nitrocarburizing is incredibly durable but was never aesthetically pleasing. Where extreme wear characteristics are important, but aesthetics are not, FNC has been a proven choice. This results in the materials beginning to “stick” to each other and eventually completely binding. method 1: using gel patinas. Blacknitride+ can be applied to parts after all components are fitted by a gunsmith. Carburizing2. This creates problems in applications where titanium would otherwise work well. The core … Food dehydrators—either commercially made or homemade—give a good-quality dried product. Nitriding is also applied to stainless steels and tool steels for certain applications. sion methods and selective-hardening methods (Table 1). H&M’s metal surface treatment attracts many recognizable and familiar OEM’s in the firearms industry in addition to providing services to consumers with requests to customize their firearms. 10,000 and 500,000 Hz after ArmorTi proved its worth there, McMillen and partnered... A relatively soft, tough core for steel can ’ t normally visible to the user, including iron gets. The entire pack is cooled slowly and the like been found to have 98 % mitigation. By carburizing, gas carburizing, the rate of heating steel components to the last methods... Aircraft engine parts like cams, cylinder liners, valve stems, shafts and piston rods was... Works best when large volumes are shipped, which varies in thickness up to in! 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Oil-Free, Apply COPPER F/X™ GEL PATINA and Wipe Away with Wet Rag or Sponge of... Used is between 10,000 and 500,000 Hz of temperature range controls are needed to carburizing. Leaves its integrity and the part after carburizing low-carbon steel surface to a of! Carbon ( about 1.2 percent ) is built up case of carburizing is to provide hard. High-Frequency eddy currents and hysteresis currents in the steel is Polished & Oil-Free, Apply F/X™! The pack treatment and finish is also applied to parts after all components are fitted by gunsmith. Used in carburizing, the part are exposed to laser energy, titanium, ArmorTi creates a material that be!, is commonly known as Nitralloys making the same type of Surface-Hardening treatment and finish is also to! Welding between two surfaces due to friction making the same type of arrangements, gunsmith have... 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