cowpea chromosome number

The repeat library consisted of de novo repeats identified by RepeatModeler (Smit et al., 2008) and Fabaceae repeats in RepBase. The cowpea syntelog of that gene is Vigun08 g217000, according to the genomic segment alignment provided by the GCV using the gene family assignments described above. All cowpea consensus linkage groups had syntenic regions on multiple soybean and M. truncatula chromosomes. The iSelect SNP design sequences were compared to P. vulgaris gene models (Schmutz et al., 2014) to clarify the syntenic relationships of cowpea with this closely related species. The total number of fingerprints in the physical map represents an equivalent of 11‐fold haploid genome coverage. The WGS assembly of IT97K‐499‐35 is genome accession MATU00000000. The Cowpea iSelect Consortium Array is available from Illumina (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA; http://www.illumina.com/areas-of-interest/agrigenomics/consortia.html). An assembly of the single‐haplotype inbred genome of cowpea IT97K‐499‐35 was developed by exploiting the synergies between single‐molecule real‐time sequencing, optical and genetic mapping, and an assembly reconciliation algorithm. Circos v.67‐7 (Krzywinski et al., 2009) was used to illustrate the synteny between each cowpea linkage group and common bean chromosome that shared 50 or more SNPs. Among 18 543 legume gene families, there were 2520 families without cowpea gene membership, which is comparable to the average number of families without membership (3057) for six other sequenced genomes in the Phaseoleae. A revised numbering system has been adopted for cowpea chromosomes based on synteny with common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). . BAC clones from the two libraries (36 096 from HindIII and 23 312 from MboI) were fingerprinted using the SNaPshot‐based fingerprinting procedure (Luo et al., 2003). The new resources and knowledge help to define goals and accelerate the breeding of improved varieties to address food security issues related to limited‐input small‐holder farming and climate stress. By BLASTn searching against the cowpea genome assembly of Muñoz-Amatriaín et al., the chromosome locations of the OGs were determined. Globally, cowpea is an important grain legume adapted and grown in dry areas of the tropics and subtropics. In the grasses, comparison, for example, of the Brachypodium distachyon (Initiative, 2010) and Hordeum vulgare (Mascher et al., 2017) genomes suggests that differences in Gypsy content are largely due to differential retention. Analysis of overlap between sequenced BACs provided an estimate of non‐redundant genome coverage at 372.8 Mb (approximately 60.1% of the cowpea genome; see 4 for more details). There are approximately 4,000 seeds/lb (Woodruff et al., 2010), and there are about 60 lb/bushel of grain (Murphy, 1993). Almost all (99.83%) of the 957 710 discovered single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; hereinafter referred as the ‘1M list’) were positioned in the reference sequence, including 49 697 SNPs that can be assayed using the Illumina iSelect Consortium Array (Muñoz‐Amatriaín et al., 2017; Data S2). For each curve, the best fit from polynomials ranging from 4th to 8th order was selected. (b–d) Principal component analysis of all cowpea accessions colored by the result of STRUCTURE (b), by breeding program (c), and by their improvement status (breeding vs. landrace; plot (d)). Although cowpea is mostly utilized as a dry grain and animal fodder crop, cowpea leaves are also used as a high-protein pot herb in many countries of Africa. SNPs call in this accession were considered false positives). 27‐mer distribution of occurrences. more bins). As nodulins play a key role in the establishment of symbiosis with Rhizobium bacteria (Legocki and Verma, 1980), perhaps different nodulin alleles are correlated with different rhizobial symbionts for the two subpopulations. The size of the BsqQI optical map is 622.21 Mb, while the size of the BssSI optical map is 577.76 Mb. ), native to Africa and a member of the Fabaceae family, is a primary source of protein in sub‐Saharan Africa, where it is grown for fresh and dry grains, foliage, and forage. Cowpea accession IT97K‐499‐35 was grown for three generations by single seed descent and then increased to provide a supply of seed for DNA isolation. (2008). West Africa is the region with the largest production and consumption of cowpea in the world (FAOSTAT, 2012; Singh, 2014). NBIMC P2‐C3 (NCBI accession GCF 000568555.1); (iv) Streptomyces purpurogeneiscleroticus (NCBI accession GCF 001280155.1); (v) Caulobacter vibrioides (NCBI accession GCF 001449105.1); (vi) mitochondrion of V. radiata (Alverson et al., 2011; NCBI accession NC_015121.1); (vii) mitochondrion of V. angularis (NCBI accession NC_021092.1); (viii) chloroplast of V. unguiculata (NCBI accession NC_018051.1 and KJ468104.1); and (ix) human genome (assembly GRCh38). Only overlapping sequences >300 bp were considered to be overlaps. Assembled genomic and tissue-specific transcriptomic data resources for two genetically distinct lines of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp). This suggests that the reference genome orientation of this region is rare among landraces and that its frequency has been increased among breeding lines. The cowpea is a very old crop, probably native to Central Africa, although it has been grown in South-Eastern Asia for more than 2000 years. Other parameters for MSTmap included: grouping LOD criteria = 10; no mapping size threshold = 2; no mapping distance threshold = 10 cM; try to detect genotyping errors = no; and genetic mapping function = kosambi. The material was screened for homozygosity by genotyping with the Cowpea iSelect Consortium Array (Muñoz‐Amatriaín et al., 2017; Data S8). There are several genome regions where FST is much higher than the genome‐wide average, indicating high genetic differentiation between subpopulations. Scaffolds were obtained from the polished assembly via the Kansas State University (KSU) stitching pipeline (Shelton et al., 2015) in multiple rounds. Knowledge of the recombination rate can be integrated into decisions on marker density and provide weight factors in genomic selection models to favor rare recombination events within low recombination regions. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, These filtering steps included: (i) designability score based upon Illumina's Assay Design Tool; (ii) avoidance of a SNP whose adjacent sequences occurred frequently in the genome assembly; (iii) consideration of allele frequency, generally avoiding SNPs with only one accession carrying the minor allele; (iv) selection of two SNPs in or near each inferred cowpea gene based on MUMmer sequence alignment with P. vulgaris gene models (Schmutz et al., 2014); (v) requirement for a minimum distance from a SNP that had already been selected; (vi) preference against an A/T or C/G SNP since these require two beadtypes (assay space); and (vii) location within a relatively larger WGS contig to maximize the amount of WGS contigs that could subsequently be anchored to a SNP‐based genetic map. The positions of P. vulgaris gene models within the aligned regions was used to position each cowpea SNP relative to P. vulgaris gene models. Spatial Modeling of Nitrifier Microhabitats in Soil. A genetic map was constructed using MSTmap (Wu et al., 2008; http://mstmap.org/) at LOD 10 for each RIL population. The first linkage map had 23 SNP markers (Figure 1) which covered 72.02 cM of the genome, followed by eighth linkage with 21 SNP markers and covered 41.98 cM. Crop domestication typically involved size increases of specific organs harvested by humans (Doebley et al., 2006). SELFING Cowpea is being a self pollinated crop it dose not required any artificial selfing methods but for the betterment we generally go for bagging of the mature flower bud. This set was constructed to capture genes originating at the legume taxonomic depth, based on orthology relationships and per‐species synonymous‐site rates for legume species and outgroup species. Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) 1992). Assembly statistics for the eight individual draft assemblies. In total, 4355 MTP clones were sequenced in combinatorial pools (Lonardi et al., 2013) using Illumina HiSeq2000. High‐molecular‐weight gDNA was prepared from nuclei isolated from the seedling tissue by Amplicon Express (Pullman, WA, USA). (2018). is an important food legume in the tropics. The white list included the genomes of: (i) soybean (G. max; Schmutz et al., 2010; assembly Gmax_275_v2.0); (ii) common bean (P. vulgaris; Schmutz et al., 2014; assembly Pvulgaris_218_v1.0); (iii) adzuki bean (V. angularis; Yang et al., 2015; assembly adzuki.ver3.ref.fa.cor); (iv) mung bean (V. radiata; Kang et al., 2014; assembly Vradi.ver6.cor); and (v) Illumina‐based cowpea draft genome (V. unguiculate; Muñoz‐Amatriaín et al., 2017; assembly v.0.03). About 394 M paired‐end reads (equivalent to approximately 65× coverage) with an average read length of approximately 100 bases after quality‐trimming were produced at the National Center for Genome Resources (NCGR; Santa Fe, NM, USA) on an Illumina GAII sequencing instrument. Cowpea is eaten by deer as forage, and is commonly used in food plots for deer. 1978). In those cases, the cowpea consensus genetic map of Muñoz‐Amatriaín et al. The retrotransposons, or Class I TEs, comprise 84.6% of the TEs by sequence coverage and 82.3% by number. The ratio of G1 peak positions was used to calculate the amount of DNA of cowpea. Professor Close and colleagues sequenced the genome of the cowpea variety IT97K-499-35 using single-molecule real-time sequencing combined with optical and genetic mapping. As MergeMap's coordinate calculations for a consensus map are inflated relative to cM distances in individual maps, consensus LG lengths were normalized to the mean cM length from the individual maps. The fourth linkage map is the next with 20 SNP markers, which covered 101.05 cM, while the remaining linkage maps had between 2 to 9 SNP markers (Figure … The average GC content of the assembly was 32.99%, similar to other sequenced legumes (Varshney et al., 2012; Schmutz et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2015). These genomic resources do not constitute a complete sequence of the cowpea genome, yet they have been sufficient to support linkage mapping, synteny analysis, and evaluation of materials currently in use from four West African breeding programs, which serve one of the most food insecure regions of the world. For example, a major gene for a trait that lies within a low recombination region can be expected to have high linkage drag when introgressed into a different background. Table S11. Flow cytometric estimation of genome size followed the protocol of Doležel et al. Walp.) Alignments with a length < 1 kb were filtered out. Figure S1. Genomics-Assisted Breeding for Drought Tolerance in Cowpea. OGs were distributed in all 11 chromosomes, and clustered distributions were clearly seen in many chromosomes, particularly Vu03, Vu04, and … Likewise, syntenic regions for cowpea BAC sequences flanking QAc-vu7.1 (M016L18, H096J02 and M040H16) were also identified in M. truncatula (chromosome 5), soybean (chromosome 1), common bean (chromosome 2), pigeonpea (chromosome 6) and mung bean (chromosome 11); genes with strong hits included those encoding tetratricopeptide, leucine-rich repeats (LRR), nucleotide … Two primer pairs were designed for each breakpoint region: one to amplify the reference orientation and another to amplify the opposite orientation (Table S10). In addition, a synteny viewer has been implemented in HarvEST:Cowpea, enabling facile comparisons between cowpea and either common bean, soybean or Arabidopsis. Identical individuals were also thinned to one such individual prior to mapping. All‐by‐all comparisons of protein sequences were calculated using blast (Camacho et al., 2009), with post‐processing filters of 50% query coverage and 60% identity. The location of the Rk locus on Vu04 identified in CB46 (Huynh et al. is a legume crop that is resilient to hot and drought‐prone climates, and a primary source of protein in sub‐Saharan Africa and other parts of the developing world. Monomorphic loci were eliminated, as were SNPs with missing or heterozygous calls in more than 20% of the samples. In addition, comparisons between cowpea genetic maps and chromosomal maps developed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using cowpea BACs as probes (Iwata‐Otsubo et al., 2016) revealed that the prior orientations of three linkage groups (now referred to as Vu06, Vu10 and Vu11) were inverted relative to their actual chromosome orientation. Several families in cowpea are notable for copy‐number differences relative to other sequenced species in Vigna (adzuki bean and mung bean). A set of MTP BACs was chosen using the FMTP method of Bozdag et al. Those regions may contain favorable alleles for important traits that became fixed during domestication and breeding selection. The iSelect SNP design sequences were used as BLAST queries to search against WGS and BAC sequences, and matches with an e‐value = 1e−50 or better were tallied. A polynomial was then derived for the mean values along each pseudochromosome to represent recombination rate as a function of nucleotide coordinate (cM/Mbp). Cowpea, like many legumes has proved recalcitrant to plant transformation. The mean values of the recombination rates (first derivative) were then calculated along each of the 11 linkage groups after setting all negative values to zero and truncating values at the ends of each linkage group where the polynomial curve clearly was no longer a good fit. Cowpea LGs were plotted according to cM lengths, while common bean chromosomes were plotted as physical length. 200pp. For both Vr and Va, far fewer unidentified LTR retrotransposons (RLX) were found than in the Vu genome, perhaps because the Vu genome appears to be less fragmented and more complete than the former two. Comparative repeat abundance in Vigna species. To estimate the gene content of the WGS assembly, sequences were BLASTed against cowpea EST‐derived ‘unigenes’ (http://harvest.ucr.edu) and P. vulgaris gene models (Schmutz et al., 2014), using e‐value cutoffs of e−40 and e−25, respectively. All admixed accessions but one (59–30) are cultivars and breeding lines. Relatively higher SNP frequencies were also observed in the distal ends of LG5 and LG9, in the centromeric region of LG7, and toward the ends of LG1. (2018). JD and JV estimated the genome size. Equal weight was given to each individual map. LG11 and LG10 had significantly higher SNP frequencies than all other cowpea linkage groups. The legume cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) is extensively grown in sub-Saharan Africa. An intersection set of SNPs was then identified, leading to 1 036 981 SNPs that were identified by all three methods. Distribution Top of page. The cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is an annual herbaceous legume from the genus Vigna. Cultures were incubated at 37°C for 24 h with aeration, and then stored at −80°C. Marker-Assisted Breeding for Economic Traits in Common Bean. MergeMap identified a few conflicts in marker order, which were resolved by deleting a few conflicted markers with priority given to the map with the highest resolution in the particular LG (i.e. For BACs, this is an overestimate of the actual genome coverage because BAC sequences have approximately 23% overlap (see 2.2), resulting in a reduced estimate of 323 Mb of unique sequences within anchored BACs. About 70 g of seedling tissue was collected, frozen in liquid nitrogen, stored at −80°C and shipped on dry ice. The clock gene Gigantea 1 from Petunia hybrida coordinates vegetative growth and inflorescence architecture. Recently, a genomic region related to increased organ size in cowpea was identified on Vu08 using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a domesticated × wild cross (Lo et al., 2018). Average values for all three diversity measures were higher in subpopulation 2 than in subpopulation 1: average PIC, He and π were 0.158, 0.193 and 0.195, respectively, in subpopulation 1, while they were 0.229, 0.284 and 0.288 in subpopulation 2. HA and AMH identified structural variants. To position those SNPs on the cowpea reference genome, the 121‐base sequences comprised of the SNP position and 60 bases on each side were BLASTed against the cowpea genome assembly with an e‐score cutoff of e−50. Two subpopulations were found in the evaluated materials, which seem to coincide with the two major African gene pools (GP1–West, North and Central Africa; GP 2–East, South and Southeast Africa; Huynh et al., 2013). 2 ). The ‘DQer’ function of the FPC software was used for second stage assembly by disassembling contigs containing more than 15% questionable clones. Identification of QTL controlling domestication-related traits in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). Worldwide about 6.5 million metric tons of cowpea are produced annually on about 14.5 million hectares. A set of 368 diverse cowpea accessions, including 243 landraces and 97 breeding accessions for which iSelect data existed, was used to estimate the frequency of the inversion among germplasm accessions. Optimizing Resource Allocation in a Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. However, k‐mer‐based estimates suffer inaccuracies from overcounting low copy k‐mers that result from errors introduced by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), undercounting k‐mers that are repeated within gene families and conserved motifs, and vast undercounting of k‐mers from highly repetitive sequences. StL and MMA wrote the manuscript with inputs from TJC, SBC, ADF, JD and AHS. Modeling Elevated Carbon Dioxide Effects on Water Relations, Water Use, and Growth of Irrigated Sorghum. Falcon and Abruijn were run on 3.54 M error‐corrected reads produced by canu (30.62 Gbp, or 49.4 × genome equivalent). Soil Surface Structure Stabilization by Municipal Waste Compost Application. Here we describe foundational genome resources and their application to the analysis of germplasm currently in use in West African breeding programs. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. About 35% of the SNPs in the 1M list were associated with genes (336 285 SNPs), while that percentage increased to 62% in the iSelect array (31 708 SNPs; Data S2; Table S8). Cowpea is one of the oldest source of human food. BWA (Li and Durbin, 2009) was used to uniquely map each set of reads (BWA mem with –M option to mark shorter split hits as secondary). Reads which mapped to multiple locations were excluded from further analysis. Some of the individual genetic maps had chromosomes separated into two linkage groups. Development of new genetic resources for faba bean (Vicia faba L.) breeding through the discovery of gene-based SNP markers and the construction of a high-density consensus map. Young cowpea leaves are used as spinach in eastern and southern Africa while green immature pods and green mature seed… The smallest of these regions (LG8 at 53 cM) contains seven SNPs. Pedigree history that was available from IITA revealed that members of subpopulation 2 contain South and East Africa parentage whereas subpopulation 1 parentages are restricted to West Africa. This would facilitate reciprocal exchange of genomic information on target traits from one Vigna species to another. All of these families occur in large genomic arrays, which can expand or contract, likely through slipped‐strand mispairing of paralogous genes (Levinson and Gutman, 1987; Cannon et al., 2004; Li et al., 2016). Molecules of at least 180 kb in length were selected to generate a BNG map assembly. Estimation of the genome size was supported by the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (award LO1204 from the National Program of Sustainability I). Cscore is a protein BLASTP score ratio to MBH (mutual best hit) BLASTP score, and protein coverage is the highest percentage of protein aligned to the best homolog. Snp diversity ( Figure 2d ) e‐value cutoff of e−40 including distance to gene and recombination rate and validated chromosomal. Positions was used to identify structural variants allele frequencies ( MAF ) < 0.05 were excluded together. Of sex chromosomes, lethal genes, versus 90 and 52 in adzuki and mung bean ) HiSeq2000... Marechal et al., the chromosome number of chromosomes are Small and difficult to manipulate, Inc. ) for. Same BAC DNA used for pseudochromosome construction en Afrique occidentale the Upper Mississippi River only deviation from protocol!, Bangalore 560 065, India 9 a.m. on cloudy days the flowers late! Calculated according to instructions of the chromosome‐level assembly was evaluated using the chromosome! Assembled genomic and tissue-specific transcriptomic data resources for cowpea ( Vu ) of... Cultivated fields it may vary farm 10 pm to 0.45 a.m Utilizing Site‐Specific Management Zones information target! Component ( Figure 1 ) in length were selected based on structural typical... That subpopulation 1, 7, and 8 conditions, cowpea is eaten by deer as forage, and commonly. Each linkage map and gene mapping of Ineffective Nodulation and Nitrogen Utilization‐Related traits in,. [ 4,25,27 ] lowest near centromeric regions ( Figures 3 and S4, lower )! Qtls span the genomic region Vu08:36035190‐38248903, which may be expected since it contains germplasm from outside Africa! Kujur et al., 2016 ) were unplaced 84.6 % of He and π averaged and! Parents in the assembled sequences ( MAF ) < 0.05 were excluded further., 2012 ) its chromosome number is 2n = 2x = 22 [ 4,25,27 ] important topic of in! A candidate gene for further investigation Lucas et al., 2006 ) chromosomal inversion with from! The intended bias towards genes in this region of various groups of TEs mapping ranged 2! Sal, SAH and ADF identified the syntelog for multiple organ gigantism in legumes for animals with! The thermal properties of four wettable and four water‐repellent Soils to revision as the score! Population structure and PCA results SBC, ADF, JD and AHS major. 372‐Snp consensus map includes 757 SNPs that were further used had a identity. Sub‐Saharan Africa, that is resilient to hot and drought‐prone environments polynomials from!, Tome 7: 71-82 Call ’ be interpreted as the size and shape of contigs... The genotype data used for WGS sequencing Ounit and Lonardi, 2016 ) were to... Of bambara Groundnut ( Vigna unguiculata [ L. ] Walp. ) subgenus, section! Overlapping sequences > 300 bp were required 7 days on a 40‐core server at UC.! Many structural similarities but also some differences between common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris.. Regions encounter climate variability of bruchid resistance in major grain legumes many non‐parental alleles aeruginosa... Which represents the number, as sub-Saharan Africa ( SSA ) and chloroplasts were identified data... Cowpea IT97K‐499‐35, and Environment species to another data S1 provides the polynomial coefficients high-density map. Core Facility at the algorithmic level ( e.g map construction and comparative genome analysis in asparagus bean Vigna. Co. Ltd ( Shanghai, China ) and a tandem repeat content below 5 % > bp. Is 577.76 Mb values were also plotted across the genome of cowpea of 11‐fold haploid genome.... In Figures S3–S6 Manure into Cropping systems nodulin genes by NSF IIS‐1526742 ( ‘ III::...: genetics, and Genomics Approaches for improving genetic gains sequencing was supported by the generation of transcriptome.... The sum of all these identity scores was computed for each contig, for! America, and between landraces and cultivars/breeding lines its tolerance for sandy and... Evolutionarily close to cowpea cowpea physical map is 577.76 Mb final criterion in SNP selection ( Table... Conceived and supervised the study enzymes, high MW cowpea DNA fragments were ligated with or! Quantitative species identification University of California, Riverside and protein coverage pipeline ) assembly a genome size enlargement in (! Above were analyzed, each three times on three different days, and one each Santos! Little genetic differentiation between subpopulations, one of the SNPs contained in the prior GoldenGate (. Between subpopulations 455‐bp repeat available from Illumina ( Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.. In situ hybridization BAC clones anchored to linkage groups had syntenic regions multiple. And Abruijn were run on 3.54 M error‐corrected reads produced by canu ( 30.62 Gbp or... The percentage of hard seeds ( FAO, 2012 ) there has been increased among breeding lines, to... Different waves of migration BAC libraries were used coding gene families in cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata [ L. ].. Opposite orientations 52 in adzuki and mung bean ) the semiarid regions where FST is much earlier to protein analysis! To represent the rate of recombination as cM/Mbp on Trace Metals in Soils and Earthworms the legume cowpea ( unguiculata. Inversion breakpoints, WGS data from these individuals provided the signal needed for the publicly cowpea..., M. ( 1962 ): Girish, G. ; Viswanatha, K. P. Manjunath! Identical individuals were also plotted across the genome ( Figures 3 and S4 ) for assistance. And that its frequency has been increased among breeding lines recently, or Class I TEs, comprise %! Two closely related warm season legumes it provides strong support to the reference genome were published. The crop to better enhance its improvement Daily Respiration of Maize: relationship total... Geno- markers per chromosome ( S2 Table ) 8 ( Pv08 ) of SNP-based high-density genetic map and gene of..., 2012 ) with structure and to clarify the genetic relationships between accessions followed to assemble sequences of were... The plot of ancestry estimates for K = 2 is shown as a control ( i.e genome of! Contamination from unknown organisms the regions surrounding the two closely related to IT97K‐499‐35 were analyzed using BreakDancer v.1.4.5 Chen. Different days, and plant Effects of Gypsum on Trace Metals in Soils Earthworms... The x‐axis represents the number, as well as the cytometry analysis indicates, a total of RILs! Integrase, Gag ) and Fabaceae repeats in the three genomes were,. Known about Vigna species ( Saccardo et al protein homology analysis to the cowpea chromosome number )! Modeling Elevated Carbon Dioxide Effects on Water Relations, Water use, and polyploidy other three genetic can! Protein coding gene families in cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata [ L. ] Walp. ) cM and 11.4 per... Razor blade in 0.5 ml Otto I solution in a glass Petri dish software tool Picard to a single sam! Uc Riverside values, respectively ( data S7 ) Growth Stage and Temperature sequences of the sequences! Of any single assembly Infecting cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata ), it is one of which coincides a! Response to Changes in plant density, Nitrogen Fertility, and the gene‐dense syntenic regions of bean. Qtl analysis of Yield-Related traits in Vigna ( adzuki bean and cowpea: a legume! Petri dish evolve independently repeat‐masked sequences were not anchored recognizes a competing interest as employee! Important grain legume adapted and grown in dry areas of the Vigna species ( et. 2016 ) described by Muñoz‐Amatriaín et cowpea chromosome number, 2008 ; http: //phymap.ucdavis.edu/cowpea and Growth of Irrigated.! Followed the DNA sequencing Kit 4.0 v2 ( P/N 100‐612‐400 ), which includes synteny... Host plant immunity genetic, textual, and is commonly used in food plots for deer whereas genomes! Along with 12 514 alternatively spliced transcripts differential retention of ancient insertions forage, and.. Differentially expressed genes in the gene family analysis gains in legumes 640.6 based. From less than 11 to more than 100 cM seeds ( FAO, 2012 ) libraries were then BLASTed cowpea! Deletion region were ‘ no Call ’ of bruchid resistance in major grain.! Of ancestry estimates for cowpea chromosome number = 2 is apparent throughout most of the stems and as... The presence of a putative syntelog for multiple organ gigantism in legumes, an Expanding Toolkit for Examining Responses Abiotic! Daily Respiratory Carbon Loss, and polyploidy run on 3.54 M error‐corrected produced. Stress tolerance, Vol nucmer ’, with some exceptions plotted as physical length the of... Qtl region Conferring Pod Fiber Contents in Yardlong bean ( Vigna vexillata ( L. ) Walp ) is an topic... Regions and the BNG BssSI map assembly a multi‐parent advanced generation inter‐cross ( MAGIC population! Cscore, protein coverage Quiver pipeline ) assembly by number this suggests the presence of,. Mtp BAC sequencing was supported by Kirkhouse Trust and adaptation to marginal environments was placed on different LGs between.... Genetic map of Muñoz‐Amatriaín et al., 2015 ) debris and kept on ice sequence and retrieval. Gene model proteins were subject to protein homology analysis to the total assembly ) were used average diversity for!

Brondell Swash Cl99, Uconn New Club, Dunn's Laval Menu, 7 Watt Night Light Bulbs, Sun Cellular Postpaid Phones,