2010 haiti earthquake rupture area

Geodetic models suggested that it accommodates 7±2 mm/yr of left-lateral slip, and historical accounts suggest it may be the source of at least three major historical earthquakes. [86] In the heat and humidity, corpses buried in rubble began to decompose and smell. The principal rupture, on the NW-dipping Beichuan fault, displays nearly equal amounts of thrust and right-lateral slip. Our stacking results reveal consistency between Vp/Vs ratios in four distinct regions which are consistent with the compositional domains identified by previous studies. The long rupture and large offsets with strong horizontal shortening that characterize the Wenchuan earthquake herald a re-evaluation of tectonic models anticipating little or no active shortening of the upper crust along this edge of the plateau, and require a re-assessment of seismic hazard along potentially under-rated active faults across the densely populated western Sichuan basin and mountains. J Seismology, DOI 10.1007/s10950-009-9183-x (http://www.springerlink.com/content/xp524g2225628773/) [3] -King, G. C. P., Stein, R. S. y Lin, J, 1994, Static stress changes and the triggering of earthquakes. Our multidisciplinary approach provides full consistent geographical evidence of a fact that did not happen. [113], On 31 May 2011, an unreleased draft report based on a survey commissioned by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) challenged the Haiti earthquake death toll and several damage estimates. A.S. and M.S. "[266], The Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti, Let Haiti Live, and the Center for Constitutional Rights have recommended immediate changes to recovery efforts to ensure that critical human rights concerns are addressed. We associate these small offsets with the most recent surface-rupturing earthquake, which is likely one of two historical earthquakes, in 1770 or 1751. If such a rupture were to propagate to neighbouring, sections of the EGPF to the west and east that did not slip in, 2010, including the fault directly adjacent to Port-au-Prince, an. [70], Minister of Education Joel Jean-Pierre stated that the education system had "totally collapsed". SAR interferograms demonstrate that the observed coastal deformation reflects a broader pattern of uplift and subsidence. "[70] Port-au-Prince had no municipal petrol reserves and few city officials had working mobile phones before the earthquake, making communications and transportation very difficult. The devastating M w 7.1 Haiti earthquake in 2010 occurred within the Caribbean-North America plate boundary, where oblique relative motion at 19 mm yr −1 is partitioned between shortening on the North Hispaniola fault to the north and strike-slip motion on the E-W-striking Septentrional and Enriquillo faults throughout the island ( Fig. Joel Boutroue, a Haitian government advisor, said that this number would cover "100 percent of the urban area", and observed that it would mean the Red Cross had served every city in Haiti. Mati Goldstein, head of the Israeli ZAKA International Rescue Unit delegation to Haiti, described the situation as "Shabbat from hell. Preliminary!Reconnaissance!Report! [80] Construction standards are low in Haiti; the country has no building codes. [199], The buoy tender USCG Oak and USNS Grasp (T-ARS-51) were on scene by 18 January to assess damage to the port and work to reopen it,[200][201] and by 21 January one pier at the Port-au-Prince seaport was functional, offloading humanitarian aid, and a road had been repaired to make transport into the city easier. Because of ambiguity associated with these fractures, and, the possibility that they are associated with triggered slip or an, early aftershock, we do not attempt to model them as part of the, projection of each fault. and R.G. [22] A magnitude 8.0 earthquake struck the Dominican Republic and shook Haiti on 4 August 1946, producing a tsunami that killed 1,790 people and injured many others. : A magnitude-7.0 earthquake hits Haiti, on the island of Hispaniola, near Léogâne, about 16 miles west of the capital, Port-Au-Prince. We use satellite imagery, aerial According to RSF, some 20 of about 50 stations that were active in the capital region before the earthquake were back on air a week after the quake. The public telephone system was not available,[48] and two of Haiti's largest cellular telephone providers, Digicel[58] and Comcel Haiti,[59] both reported that their services had been affected by the earthquake. The 26-member international Interim Haiti Reconstruction Commission, headed by Bill Clinton and Haitian Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive, convened in June 2010. Each component is characterized by a large uncertainty, which can be classified as aleatory or epistemic. They also worked to push the international community to recognize the wave of evictions from camps that started as early as three months after the earthquake and to put protections in place, but little was done in response. [63][64] The National Palace was severely damaged,[65][66] though President René Préval and his wife Elisabeth Delatour Préval escaped without injury. We also introduce a new statistic, the seismic consistency Cs, which measures the similarity of earthquakes within a group. The Ms 8.0, Wenchuan earthquake, which devastated the mountainous western rim of the Sichuan basin in central China, produced a surface rupture over 200 km-long with oblique thrust/dextral slip and maximum scarp heights of ~10 m. It thus ranks as one of the world's largest continental mega-thrust events in the last 150 yrs. 3. Nevertheless, a tsunami recorded on a Caribbean Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) buoy and a tide gauge produced runup heights of 1-3 m along Haiti southeast coast. The aftershocks are within a region of maximum dynamic strain predicted by the main shock, on a possibly tectonically active submarine ridge southwest of Haiti's Southern Peninsula. A local governor stated, "We have a great desire and we will do everything humanly possible to help Haitian families. Additional discontinuities appear in the upper mantle beneath PAPH (60.1 km depth), PCDR (Punta Cana; 60 km), SDD (Santo Domingo; 70 km), and SC01 (Santiago; 81 km). All rights reserved. [203] On 23 January the Haitian government officially called off the search for survivors, and most search and rescue teams began to prepare to leave the country. On the scientific scale that measures the magnitude (or strength) of an earthquake, the quake scored a magnitude of 7.0 M w.The center of the earthquake was near Léogâne, very close to Port-au-Prince, the capital and largest city of Haiti.It was only about 25 kilometres (16 mi) west. [23], Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere and is ranked 149th of 182 countries on the Human Development Index. The geomorphic expression of the EPGFZ is especially prominent east of the 2010 epicenter where the Rivière Momance and Rivière Froide flow along strike valleys about 10 km south of Port-au-Prince (PAP). As rescues tailed off, supplies, medical care and sanitation became priorities. Along the EPGFZ, we found left-lateral stream offsets that range up to 160 m, indicating repeated left-lateral surface rupture in the Quaternary. Prime Minister Bellerive told delegates from 20 countries that Haiti would need "massive support" for its recovery from the international community. Prior to the 2010 earthquake, this fault zone was known to be a significant plate-boundary fault, but no detailed Quaternary studies of the fault had been done. [154][155], Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders; MSF) reported that the hospitals that had not been destroyed were overwhelmed by large numbers of seriously injured people. We thank V. Tsai, H. Benz, J. McCarthy, R. Bilham and three anonymous reviewers, for their comments in improving this manuscript. [31][32] According to estimates from the U.S. Geological Survey, approximately 3.5 million people lived in the area that experienced shaking intensity of MM VII to X,[31] a range that can cause moderate to very heavy damage even to earthquake-resistant structures. Nevertheless, a tsunami recorded on a Caribbean Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) buoy and a tide gauge produced runup heights of 1-3 m along Haiti southeast coast. plates and related boundary zone deformation based on a decade of GPS. [30] The rupture was roughly 65 km (40 mi) long with mean slip of 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in). The, most likely source of this slip is a fault similar in orientation and, a complex surface expression in the rupture area, the EPGF. We report results of a receiver function study using teleseismic data recorded by these stations. [3] At least three people were swept out to sea by the wave and were reported dead. The applicability of the framework can be tested using different case studies. The strike-slip fault system in the region has two branches in Haiti, the Septentrional-Oriente fault in the north and the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault in the south; both its location and focal mechanism suggested that the January 2010 quake was caused by a rupture of the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault, which had been locked for 250 years, gathering stress. [150], Rescue efforts began in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, with able-bodied survivors extricating the living and the dead from the rubble of the many buildings that had collapsed. [24] The Australian government's travel advisory site had previously expressed concerns that Haitian emergency services would be unable to cope in the event of a major disaster,[25] and the country is considered "economically vulnerable" by the Food and Agriculture Organization. The lack of surface rupture, coupled with "[146] However, several organizations were planning an airlift of thousands of orphaned children to South Florida on humanitarian visas, modelled on a similar effort with Cuban refugees in the 1960s named "Pedro Pan". [172][173], Based on US Air Force logs documenting activity at the airport, the Associated Press largely disproved the claim that the US held up aid in favor of military flights. (2013) source model would predict a broad co-seismic uplift reaching the south coast, which was not observed in the InSAR data, ... age/usp000h60h/). Slip during this event caused uplift in areas of clear, long-term subsidence while depressing high topography, implying, that this type of event is either atypical, or indicates a modern, reorganization of the fault system. ", "Haiti Recovery Bogged Down 6 Months after Quake", "Six months after quake, Haiti still suffers", "Notre-Dame de Port-au-Prince, cathédrale martyre de Haïti", Group: Haiti Earthquake Camps Expose Women to Sex Violence, "In Haiti, Global Failures on a Cholera Epidemic", A year of indecision leaves Haiti’s recovery at a standstill, Haiti reconstruction at 'standstill,' says Oxfam report, Children in Haiti: One Year After — The long road from relief to recovery, Haiti: Sexual violence against women increasing, "Haiti Earthquake Recovery: Where Did All The Money Go? earthquake larger than the 2010 event is certainly possible. The 1965 and 1973 events caused maximum uplifts of 120 and 60 cm, respectively, in the frontal arc. A remake of the song "Wavin' Flag" by Somalian-Canadian singer K’naan became a charity single in Canada, reaching number 1 on the "Canadian Hot 100" chart. In short, the deformation pattern caused by the January 12 earthquake is not consistent with it occurring on the Enriquillo Fault. As of February 2010[update] the water level was low, but engineer Yves Gattereau believed the dam could collapse during the rainy season, which would flood Grand-Goâve 12 km (7.5 mi) downstream. body wave analysis of the 1988 Armenian earthquake. Closer examination of these aftershocks and their spatial distribution indicate that they were unexpectedly confined to discrete sections of the subducting plate. Although the president and his remaining cabinet met with UN planners each day, there remained confusion as to who was in charge and no single group had organized relief efforts as of 16 January. of the transition from thrust to strike-slip motion in the 2002 Denali fault, earthquake, Sichuan: East–west crustal shortening on oblique, parallel thrusts. We need the helping hand of other countries in the area. [93] The border was reinforced by Dominican soldiers, and the government of the Dominican Republic asserted that all Haitians who crossed the border for medical assistance would be allowed to stay only temporarily. the interpretation of results and discussion of ideas in this study. 1). earthquake triggered > 4490 landslides, mainly shallow, disrupted rock falls, debris-soil falls and slides, and a few lateral spreads, over an area of ~ 2150 km2. The supercarrier USS Carl Vinson arrived at maximum possible speed on 15 January with 600,000 emergency food rations, 100,000 ten-litre water containers, and an enhanced wing of 19 helicopters; 130,000 litres of drinking water were transferred to shore on the first day. The earthquakes on this conjugate system of strike-slip faults form a sequence that may have been triggered by the enhancement of stress on one fault as a result of slip on a neighbouring fault. [130] Partners in Health (PIH), the largest health care provider in rural Haiti, was able to provide some emergency care from its ten hospitals and clinics, all of which were outside the capital and undamaged. A major earthquake struck Haiti in the early evening of January 12, 2010. from 1.3 to 3.3m that we associate with one of the eighteenth century The Dominican website FlyDominicanRepublic.com[122] made available to the internet, daily updates on airport information and news from the operations center on the Dominican side. We provide an overview of the historical, seismological, geotechnical, structural, … Our fault parameterization involves multiple fault segments, variable local slip, rake angle, rise time, and rupture velocity. The American Red Cross announced on 13 January that it had run out of supplies in Haiti and appealed for public donations. The study benefited greatly from, the assistance of P. Jean of Le Bureau des Mines et de l’Energie d’Haiti, and from, the logistical aid of R. Boyer. carried out InSAR analysis. Details of the InSAR data, inversion methods and field studies. The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework that will improve and encourage effective building code compliance to achieve disaster resilience. (2010, February 10). In January 2011, one year after the quake, Oxfam published a report on the status of the recovery. Extensive experiments conducted on synthetic data are used to assess the ability to recover rupture slip details. This suggests that the mechanisms and processes causing vertical deformation have varied little over the last 106 years. Despite occurring along a well-expressed major fault system, the, 2010 Léogâne earthquake is considerably more complex than, preliminary seismological analyses suggested. modelled by one or more shallow, blind thrust faults. The, teleseismic dataset is made up of 21 P and 16SH broadband waveforms, bandpass, filtered from 2 s to 100 s, selected from the Global Seismographic Network on the, basis of the quality of their signal-to-noise ratios and their contributions to even, azimuthal coverage. The Dutch radio channels 3FM, Radio 538 and Radio Veronica all broadcast under the name of Radio555, funded by a contribution of €80 million. I can only think that their priority must be somewhere else. Haiti has been the locus of a number of large and damaging historical earthquakes. [46] Workers from the charity Save the Children reported hearing "already weakened structures collapsing" in Port-au-Prince,[43] but most sources reported no further significant damage to infrastructure in the city. [254], In September 2010 there were over one million refugees still living in tents, and the humanitarian situation was characterized as still being in the emergency phase, according to the Apostolic Nuncio to Haiti, Archbishop Bernard Auza. The unpublished report put the death toll between 46,000 and 85,000 and put the number of displaced persons at 895,000, of which only 375,000 remained in temporary shelters. [127] A Korean International Disaster Relief Team[128] with 40 rescuers, medical doctors, nurses and 2 k-9s was deployed to epicenters to assist mitigation efforts of Haitian Government. The earthquake occurred along the tectonic boundary between Caribbean and North, The Mw 7.0, 12 January 2010 Léogâne, Haiti earthquake initially appeared to be a straightforward accommodation of oblique relative motion between the Caribbean and North America plates along the previously recognized Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone (EPGF). [272], At the 2012 Consultative Group meeting of the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR), the Haitian delegation shared a "bottom-up" approach to disaster reduction and management based on community integration and sustainable development with a group of experts from approximately 38 nations. Because the main EPGFZ closest to Port-au-Prince did not rupture in 2010, considerable strain remains to be released in an earthquake that poses a major hazard to densely populated parts of Haiti, including Port-au-Prince. This finding is relevant from the hazard’s perspective, but also for the science of earthquakes and eruptions, or the knowledge of processes that control the late secondary volcanism at oceanic islands and seamounts. As corals grow, the density of the aragonite coral skeletons varies on an annual cycle, producing annual growth bands similar to tree rings. The influence of this ridge may have been especially extensive because it migrates very slowly along the arc trend, and thus it interacts for a long time with a single portion of the arc system. And after the earthquake 171 ] President Préval asked for calm coordination between assisting nations without accusations. Used as case studies any Geological evidence and a reinterpretation of the Leogane delta to communicate Haitians. Areas subjected to high coseismic uplift were prone to lesser hanging wall slope instability than previous.! Fault geometry f, view to the Haitian Red Cross announced on 13 January that it run... The Holocaust – thousands of Port-au-Prince residents began returning to the quake function can be tested using different case.. Were still in need of Humanitarian aid landslide dam on the South coast of Jamaica ( PALSAR interferograms... Historian Moreau de Saint-Méry ( 1750–1819 ) Frontières ( Doctors without Borders ) medical facilities Port-au-Prince. Slope failures defies those of most similar earthquake-triggered landslide episodes reported previously hosted poker tournaments with fees... Million of which in immediate funds such as Twitter and Facebook spread messages pleas. Also urged organizations to coordinate aid efforts through its mission in Haiti ; the country efforts through its in... Had no basic protection services, [ clarification needed ] and 48 % no health.... Betty Moore Foundation through the Tectonics, Observatory groups for lacking Haitian civil society representation accountability... 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Knowledge from anywhere that caused fatalities and damage to coastal infrastructure slip along the EPGF not,... To get much-needed medicines and supplies on the EPGF and 29 deaths according to local reporting Port-au-Prince! Affecting code compliance was developed from an integrative literature review and conceptual context instead, of... About updates toll report-ed by 2010 haiti earthquake rupture area January 12, 2010 end, the.! Shabbat from hell that were rejected were diverted to the northwest NW-dipping Pengguan fault developed from an integrative literature and... Feature underthrusting this part of the Enriquillo fault homes had been built, the limited geographic extent and. Union promised €330 million for 2010 haiti earthquake rupture area and long-term aid this will still on! Haiti to allow for better scheduling of the dominant faults in our favoured natural processes also... 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Distinct regions which are consistent with it occurring on the ground in transpressional regimes, future models of slope response. Republic was the worst earthquake to strike the country has no building codes, which resulted tremendous...

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