nickel slag composition

Nickel, cobalt and copper occur in molten FSF slags in two different forms: as mechanically entrapped matte droplets and as chemically dissolved oxides, CoO, NiO and Cu 2 O. Its pseudo-pozzolanic properties are not greatly increased when it is added to mortar and concrete. This melt is then desulfurized with lime flux, iron ore, or basic slag during the process of conversion, and then oxygen is lanced to remove other impurities. Nickel-Steel alloy is the most important among all the steel alloys due to its use in various places all around the world. The total volume of pores in the AAC binders turns to be lower and more macropores are formed as the content of HMNS increases. Membranes can be cleaned in two ways: physical and chemical; however, the use of chemicals in the cleaning process adds to the total operation cost. This is a simple test and the information provided by the results is useful. Despite the similarities between the zinc slags used, the CO2 grinding induced a higher reactivity. Melting features and viscosity of SiO2-CaO-MgO-Al2O3-FeO nickel slag in laterite metallurgy. (12.21) is not applicable when the disruption ratio is zero, no further expansion force tests were conducted. Thus, in summary, it would appear that the general information provided by Emery (1984), Kamon (1998), Kamon et al. HMNS particles can work as microaggregates in AAC binders. PCC cylinders were prepared using BOF-1, BOF-2, and BOF-3 steel slag samples as coarse aggregate. ); and passing 9.5 mm retained 4.75 mm. If slag is not removed in these type of application, then crevices and accelerated corrosion can result. Technical Data: Fe. Slag nikel merupakan agregat bahan sisa hasil pembuangan dari pembakaran dapur listrik yang dihasilkan oleh PT. Ochida (1984) reported that nickel slag has little hydraulic activity even with introduction of a catalytic or activating agent, lime for instance. "Slag cement" is also used at times to refer to a very specific material, as it is in ASTM Standards C2191 and C5952. The chemical composition of nickel slag is presented in Table 3.3. These values are the mean values of individual entries. As such, this evaluation program focused on the physical properties and mineral composition, with no supplementary environmental testing conducted. Using converter slag from a nickel-copper plant, tests were carried out, in 1990, on a 100 kVA furnace (operated at 30 kW) and on a 200 kVA furnace (operated at 85 kW), at low additions of reductant (in order to minimize the reduction of iron). Substances . It is more porous, with lower specific gravity and higher absorption, than air-cooled nicked slag. Nickel-Titanium Alloys. (2011) and FHWA (2012) tends to suggest that CS possibly possesses the desirable engineering properties for use as a replacement for natural sand in many geotechnical applications. Data from Chesner, W. H., Collins, R. J., & MacKay, M. H. (1998). The gradation analyses were carried out in accordance with the ASTM C136 test method for sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregate. For instance, the precipitation of mineral solids during the denitrification process may have a long-term negative impact on the operation of a hollow fiber MBR, which increases its operating cost. The use of CS in geotechnical applications such as fill materials, ballast and sand piles has been recommended by Emery (1984), Kamon (1998) and Kamon et al. Table 6.11. ); passing 16 mm retained 13.2 mm (0.52 in. The approximate element composition of this material is as follows: Ingredients Chemical formula Typical % CAS # by weight Iron Oxide Fe 2 O 3 + FeO 30 - 37 1309-37-1 Amorphous Silica SiO 2 (total) 32 - 42 61790-53-2 Aluminum Oxide AL 2 O 3 3 - 10 1344-28-1 Magnesium Oxide MgO 5 - 12 1309-48-4 Calcium Oxide CaO 3 - 6 1305-78-8 Chromium Oxide Cr 2 O Three steel slag samples and two air-cooled nickel slag samples were used in the preliminary expansion force test and autoclave disruption test. When cooled, the molten slag converts to a rocklike or granular material. The major products formed in the binders are a class of magnesium containing sodium aluminosilicate gels. Table 12.1. It is created as a byproduct from the slag produced during nickel smelting. The nonferrous slags consist of a vitreous (Mg,Fe)SiO3 phase (> 95 wt%) and crystalline minerals including pyroxene, clinoferrosilite, sulfides (mainly pyrrhotite Fe1 − xS), periclase (MgO), magnetite (FeO + F2O3), and chromium spinel (Fe2 +, Mg)x(Fe3 +, Cr, Al)2O3 (Rostovskaya, 1994). It was estimated by Gorai et al. Experience and studies had indicated that the subject AC nickel slag was chemically stable and therefore had no leachate parameters of potential environmental concern when used in construction applications. 1345 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<6880F5245BCDDF46BAE8CDEA645F3E09><458B2CB48536464E853582346EC0B89B>]/Index[1323 41]/Info 1322 0 R/Length 110/Prev 176599/Root 1324 0 R/Size 1364/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream The slag had a composition of Co: 0.45%, Cu: 3%, Fe total: 47%, Ni: 3.5%, and S: 3%. The abovementioned methods can provide a quantitative description and values of the instability of a slag to some degree. Slags, copper smelting. The operating cost of membrane reactors is a major problem as they have high energy consumption and replacement membranes are costly. 55% nickel-titanium alloy (UNS N01555) (also known as Nitinol) has shape-memory properties. From the results presented in Table 12.3, the disruption ratios for all samples are zero. In addition to the special testing methods developed for slag expansion properties, most conventional chemical and mineral composition test methods can be used for slag investigations. (FeS) and pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) are usually present in both slag and fine slag. The concrete specimens have shown high strength and acceptable volumetric stability. Its unit weight is ~ 3500 kg/m3 (~218 lb cf). The two air-cooled slag samples were divided into four size fractions: passing 19.0 mm (3/4 in.) Fig. Washington, DC: FHWA; Wang, G., Thompson, R., & Wang, Y. Therefore, researchers have tended to focus their investigations on the larger-volume waste materials. EC number: 266-968-3 | CAS number: 67711-92-6 Slag resulting from the smelting of a heterogeneous mixture of copper and precious metals from primary and secondary sources and plant reverts. (12.21). (2011). Uranium and thorium may be present in significant quantities in the copper minerals. It crushes to angular particles but has a smooth and glassy texture. both copper and nickel slags can be utilized with cements as pozzolanic materials. Phosphorous slag is a by-product of the elemental phosphorus refining process. The “–” sign in the table indicates that there is no data available. h�bbd```b``V�3@$�z�>��`�D��9`]G��J0{ �=L��Ԁu��H�h�sH2v�ز'@$#��?�#�.�iH�g�{�@� �zb ... reviewed along with the relationsip between slag composition, slag-matte separation and metal losses to slag. Copper production begins with ore milling and copper separation by flotation in order to produce a concentrate with a copper content of about 30%. Furthermore, the retention time is minimized due to the countercurrent diffusion which allows high fluxes of nitrate and H2. Nickel slag is mainly introduced, and the chemical composition and preparation of nickel slag powder, and study its physical properties, activity, volume stability and mechanical properties. These radionuclides are vaporized at the smelting stage and may accumulate in dusts collected from off gases. Lead, lead-zinc, and zinc slag are formed during pyrometallurgical treatment of the sulfide ores. In this test, slag samples are separated into several particle size fractions. In addition, the FHWA (2012) states that CS can also provide good resistance to freeze–thaw attack and frost attack because of its excellent soundness and drainage properties. Fig. Basic physical and mechanical properties of crushed nickel slag. Hollow fiber membrane is the most common type of membrane used as it has lower space requirements than other types of membranes and can achieve high performances. (1984) varied from 0.30 to 0.60, while the crystalline phase content was 1–5 wt%. In OPC clinker, Al 2 O 3 forms calcium aluminate and calcium aluminoferrite. The nonferrous slags are molten by-products of high-temperature processes that are used to separate the nonferrous metal from other constituents. The following shows the chemical composition of the slag and chemical characterization by solubilization and donated by the company producing the material. (3) The unit weight of nickel slag is somewhat higher than that of conventional aggregate. Data from Wang, G., Thompson, R., & Wang, Y. Particle-disruption ratio has been proposed as a criterion and a test procedure incorporated in the deduction of a usability criterion for slag use (Wang, Wang, & Gao, 2010). In this section the technical properties of nonferrous slags (such as lead, nickel, and copper slag) that determine its use in construction materials are discussed. As a result of the melting of nonferrous metals, iron and silicon are separated to form a silicon-based slag. US3224887A US35060364A US3224887A US 3224887 A US3224887 A US 3224887A US 35060364 A US35060364 A US 35060364A US 3224887 A US3224887 A US 3224887A Authority US United States Prior art keywords casting slag mold ingot nickel Prior art date 1962-03-27 Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. could be extracted from powder furnace nickel . 1363 0 obj <>stream Some limits have been suggested to relate volume expansion to practical requirements. Prederiy, I. When formed at one temperature and then deformed at a lower one, it regains its original form when reheated. Taking into account the great quantity of slag produced per year, the recovery of nickel from the EAF slag will add benefits to the entire process. Strength of optimal formulations can reach 100 MPa, depending on the cement type and its content, type of alkaline activator, and curing conditions. It combines with the oxides to form silicates phases. Nickel ma inly occurs in the pyrrhotite (Fe-Ni 1-x S) The R value is an important factor in evaluating the overall stability of slag aggregate in various matrices where slag is incorporated and in developing criteria for usability of slag in constrained conditions. FHWA-RD-97-148. The origin of copper and nickel slag can be seen as the result of a multistep process, as shown in Fig. These tests examined four different methods of operation, in an attempt to … Copper slag is produced during matte smelting and converting steps of pyrometallurgical production of copper from copper ores, when silica is added. These particles are then placed on a piece of filter paper on racks and suspended in a standard pressure cooker containing a couple of liters of water. It crushes to angular particles but has a smooth, glassy texture. The chemical composition of slag varies with the types of furnace or process of treatment (Cooper, 2005). Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2(2208), 1–8. Slag inclusions between weld beads reduce the strength of the weld. A nickel flash smelting furnace is initially used to obtain the valuable metal but the loss of nickel in the slag amounts to about 4 % and thus an electric slag-cleaning furnace has to be subsequently used to reduce the loss of the valuable metal to less than 0.5 % nickel oxide in the slag. In China, copper and nickel output generally exceeds 1 million tons annually. O. Characterization of nonferrous slags in terms of chemical composition and according to the activity quality index. (2011). In terms of chemical compositions, nickel slag is very siliceous that may contain up to 50–55% silica and has high magnesium content. estimated that 220–370 kg blast-furnace slag is produced per ton of produced iron (Proctor et al., 2000). (2011) state that the inclusion of up to 50% CS has shown to improve soil characteristics and its use in conjunction with Portland cement and fly ash (FA) enhances the soil strength effectively. Nickel slag is very abrasive and does not lend itself well to grinding. Table 3.4. During the flotation stage, most of the gold and uranium minerals are separated from the copper concentrates and remain in the tailings which accumulate in the bottom of the flotation cells (Cooper, 2005). Autoclave disruption test for air-cooled nickel slag. Ferronickel is a ferroalloy that contains approximately 35% nickel and 65% iron. Denitrification rates of up to 5.88 g N m−2 d−1 have been achieved with influent NO3− concentrations up to 150 mg NO3−–N l−1. Compared with copper slag, it contains less iron, lime, and alumina. Liquidus in the nickel laterite smelting system. This process, called roasting, converts sulfur to sulfur dioxide. T here are three domi-nant elements Si, Fe, and Mg. Three steel slag samples were tested in the expansion force testing apparatus until the readings maintain stable. Thus, membrane selection is a critical factor for the performance of this technology. The specific gravity of air-cooled nickel slag may be as high as 3.5, while the absorption is quite low as 0.37%. The environmental analysis shows that there is a great reduction of CO2 emission in manufacturing such “green cement” compared to the manufacturing of conventional Portland cement pastes. (ii) Aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3) content in steel slag exists in solid solution. Higher purity copper is then produced by electro-refining (Cooper, 2005). A wide variety of nickel slag options are available to you, such as not powder, is powder. Production process of copper, nickel, lead, lead-zinc, and zinc slag (Lewis, 1982). The main waste materials within this process are the tailings from the flotation stage and the furnace slags from the smelting stage. Laboratory testing was carried out to determine the characteristics of the AC nickel slag, including physical and mechanical properties testing, petrographic examinations, and HMA mix designs. Because Eq. 12.12 presents the nickel slag aggregate concrete cylinder after compressive strength testing. Depending on the production process, the quantity of slag per produced quantity of metal can vary. retained 16 mm (5/8 in. Nickel is therefore essentially vitreous, which makes it very abrasive and not too friable. Aneka Tambang Pomalaa menurut Talantan (2016) tersusun atas beberapa senyawa kimia sebagai penyusunnya yang terdiri atas 0,08% Fe, 50,13% SiO2, 1,38% CaO, 30,08% MgO, 0,92% Cr, 2,71% … Gas-permeable membranes are mainly composite membrane (e.g., sandwich structure), polypropylene, polyurethane, polysulfone, polyvinyl chloride, platinum-cured silastic, and silicone-coated ferro-, presents a sample of test results of autoclave disruption tests on. (2011). The appearance of nickel slag is a reddish brown-black color, massive, amorphous texture. It has a content of carbon too. h��Xmo�6�+�2�E��"��4��Q�t�A��D�-��4�~w�$[^ܤ�2�{#�ܑ Each size fraction is carefully examined visually for signs of deterioration (cracking, disruption, etc.). Where the uranium content of the original ore is sufficiently high to the level of commercial exploitation, additional treatment and processing of tailings should take place using hydrometallurgy (mainly acid leaching) to recover uranium concentrates. 3.1. Proctor et al. At all times of curing tested, alkali-activated cement based on CO2-milled slag developed a greater strength than was obtained when using an air-milled slag in the same binder mix design. Particles that do not exhibit any cracking or disruption are considered to be good; particles that partially crack are fair; and particles that completely crack, fail, or soften are considered poor. T. Kovacs, ... R. Doherty, in Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Construction, 2017. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Smelting of nickel sulfide ores yields a matte in which nickel and copper make up about 15 percent, iron about 50 percent, and sulfur the rest; the iron is removed in a converting furnace, and the sulfides of copper and nickel are separated before being reduced to the metals. Table 3.3. The percentages of the main oxides in zinc slag can vary in the following ranges: SiO2, 18–37 wt.%; Al2O3, 8–17 wt.%; CaO, 17–18 wt.%; Fe2O3, 11–35 wt.%; MgO, 1–4 wt.%; Na2O, 0.4–0.7 wt.%; MnO, 0.8–1.3 wt.%; ZnO, 9–10 wt.%; SO3, 1.1–1.4 wt.%.86,87. Table 5.2 presents a sample of test results of autoclave disruption tests on nickel slag samples. Lavanya et al. The use of pet-coke in the feed fuel mixtur e accounts for relatively high contents of Ni in the Puertollano IGCC slag. Accelerated laboratory testing was completed on the Marshall and Superpave HMA mixtures with the use of an APA to further assess their performance characteristics. After visual examination and petrographic analysis, a certain number (eg, 100 or 50) of slag particles from each size fraction are chosen and washed, and then placed into an autoclave to be treated for 1–3 h. The ratio of the number of slag particles cracked, powdered, or containing visually observed cracks after treatment to the total number of slag particles selected is defined as the particle-disruption ratio R. It is generally agreed that autoclave testing can accelerate the hydration of free lime and especially periclase, which has slow hydration rate. (2011), From NORM by-products to building materials, Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Construction, Alternative inorganic binders based on alkali-activated metallurgical slags, Sustainable and Nonconventional Construction Materials using Inorganic Bonded Fiber Composites, Zinc slag production follows a comparable process to that described above for copper and. However, the concern about its environmental suitability still needs to be addressed to confirm that CS, like iron and steel slags, is a safe and valuable resource. An I-index given for a by-product makes the unrealistic assumption that 100 % of the by-product is used as a building material, however, this assumption can be useful as starting point for dilution calculations. Copper-nickel slag is a by-product of copper and nickel metal production. Vayenas, in Comprehensive Biotechnology (Second Edition), 2011. When the molar ratio of activator solutions is in the range of 1.2–2.0, the optimal dosage of HMNS is 20%, resulting in the highest compressive strength and the lowest linear drying shrinkage. %%EOF Nickel: smelting; Extraction and purification; Nickel is recovered through extractive metallurgy: it is extracted from its ores by conventional roasting and reduction processes that yield a metal of greater than 75% purity. These include (i) X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis; (ii) scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis; (iii) energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, EDX, or XEDS); (iv) gamma-ray spectroscopy; (v) DTA; and (vi) autoclave treatment. Expansion force readings for slag samples BOF-1, BOF-2, and BOF-3. A lot of information regarding the radiological properties of nonferrous slags is included in the IAEA Safety Report Series 49, 2006. Its CAS number is 11110-39-7. The autoclave disruption test is a test to determine the stability of slag aggregate particles. In terms of mineralogical properties, nickel slag, essentially made up of a major vitreous phase concentrated in the smallest particles and of a much lesser crystalline phase, is particularly present in the larger particles. ��F�T�p�mD�V�8"F3"�g8��3�(a��Xπ��PMkЗ9Cc9K��^3"�8/��z6�(fp�(�О�r�c�. Concrete containing nickel slag aggregate after compressive strength testing. Mix proposition of the concrete containing steel/nickel slag coarse aggregate, Ravindra K. Dhir OBE, ... Chao Qun Lye, in Sustainable Construction Materials: Copper Slag, 2017. SECTION 3: Composition/information on ingredients . Table 14.15. (2000), Lavanya et al. About 13% of the global production of zinc is carried out using an imperial smelting furnace process, and consequently the smelting furnace slag generation per year is limited (~1 Mt).85 The 2003 generation of imperial smelting furnace slag in some European countries was: UK 80,000 t, Italy 60,000 t, France 100,000 t, and Germany 100,000 t.85 Typical annual imperial smelting furnace slag generation in India is about 50,000 tonnes.86 The zinc slag composition varies according to the particular process used in refining. The pressure is maintained for a period of 1 h, permitted to cool, then the samples are removed. You can also choose from building material shops, manufacturing plant, and construction works nickel slag, as well as from 1 year, 3 months, and 2 years nickel slag, and whether nickel slag … The utilization of nickel slag has attracted much attention due to its high-content of valuable elements. 0 Provis, in Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Construction, 2017. 2. Ultrablast, a nickel slag, is a high density disposable abrasive for general purpose usage, including shipyards, bridges and general industrial blast cleaning. George C. Wang, in The Utilization of Slag in Civil Infrastructure Construction, 2016. It is often difficult to ascertain judicious relationships between test results and practical values. The unit weight of nickel slag is somewhat higher than that of conventional aggregate (Chesner, Collins, & MacKay, 1998). Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2(2208), 1–8. An industrial solid-waste HMNS generated by pyrometallurgical production of nickel is attempted in the manufacture of fly ash–based AACs through an alkali activation technique. The blending of HMNS can provide a large number of silicate ingredients for the fly ash–based AAC, and thus the Si/Al ratio of the gel phase increases with HMNS content. endstream endobj startxref Rangan, B. V. (2010). (2011). They can neither directly indicate if a slag can be successfully used in an application nor accurately predict the end product characteristics. Expansion forces determined for the steel slag samples are shown in Table 12.2. Table 3.4 presents the basic physical and mechanical properties of crushed air-cooled nickel slag. In addition to silica and carbon, iron can be added in the furnace, which combines with phosphorus to form ferrophosphorus. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003817000148, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128045244000130, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003817000033, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003817000124, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081009864000067, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081020098000074, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081020012000085, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081020098000062, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080885049004955, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003817000057, The Utilization of Slag in Civil Infrastructure Construction, Alkali-Activated Cement (AAC) From Fly Ash and High-Magnesium Nickel Slag, Nonferrous metal extraction and nonferrous slags. These elements . The mix proportions of the concrete are presented in Table 12.4 (Fig. 12.11. The cost of membrane cleaning is also substantial due to frequent clogging. Air-cooled nickel slag is brownish-black in color. Nonferrous slags are produced during the recovery and processing of nonferrous metal from primary and secondary raw materials. Nickel slag abrasive is a type of abrasive material used for blast cleaning. D.V. h�b```�%��:� ��ea��p`FS'�mV��섙3gB��oqR�]W� (�[��#%{>G��r��0�I�`��@1�F(f`�c`X�:�1�ј�/�>�8�mL�LӘ&0=`�c��:ӕ$��A��3�B`�3� �@;�=A&206 )y�`.�@� ��.� In C219, slag cement is defined as a "blend of granulated blast-furnace slag and hydrated lime in which the slag constituent is more than a Differences in the kinetics of reaction of the activated zinc slags were identified, depending on the grinding atmosphere, so that longer induction periods were identified for the slag milled in air compared to that of slag milled in CO2. The basic physical and mechanical properties of crushed nickel slag make give it high potential to be used as an aggregate (Wang, Thompson, & Wang, 2011). Table 7.23. Zinc slags have been used as supplementary cementitious materials for Portland cement replacement, after fine grinding (to 4000–5000 cm2/g Blaine fineness),88 and as a fine aggregate for concrete manufacture, particularly granulated lead–zinc slag which has a high density (about 3860 kg/m3).89 The main limitation in utilizing zinc slags is the high content of heavy metals, and the limited information available regarding the leachability of these metals when zinc slags are used for construction applications. Basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steel slag samples BOF-1, BOF-2, and BOF-3 with nominal particle size of 20 mm (16–20 mm) have disruption ratios of 3%, 2%, and 5%, respectively, after an autoclave disruption test. Specifically, for the copper production partitioning of 210Pb and 210Po from uranium occurs into the copper concentrate during the smelting process. Gas-permeable membranes are mainly composite membrane (e.g., sandwich structure), polypropylene, polyurethane, polysulfone, polyvinyl chloride, platinum-cured silastic, and silicone-coated ferro-nickel slag. Chemical composition of nickel slag (%). The resulting slag contains a high proportion of steel. Information regarding the following types of nonferrous slag can be found here: In Table 6.11 an overview is given of the activity concentrations (226Ra, 232Th, and 40K) reported for different types of nonferrous slags. + FeO (Iron Oxide) 30-37% SiO. The I-index calculation is based on European Commission 1999; Radiation Protection 112; Radiological Protection Principles Concerning the Natural Radioactivity of Building Materials; and Directorate-General, Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection. (2000), Lavanya et al. The existing forms of the chemical composition in steel slag and OPC clinker are (i) CaO in steel slag mainly forms C 2 S, C 3 S and merwinite (C 3 MS 2), and in OPC clinker it forms C 3 S, C 2 S, C 3 A and C 4 AF. The pressure cooker is sealed and then the water is heated to boiling at 1 atmosphere pressure. As a part of these efforts, this work focuses on whether magnetite crystals, obtained from nickel slag via molten oxidation, magnetic separation, and ball-milling can be used as a microwave absorber. Because fabricated nickel alloys are ordinarily used in high-temperature service and in aqueous corrosive environments, all slag should be removed from finished weldments. Slag from SLN process is mainly constitued of glossy magnesium silicate structure, Forsterite ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4) and Enstatite ((Mg,Fe)SiO3). The transition temperatures can be adjusted through careful control of the composition. The specific gravity of air-cooled nickel slag may be as high as 3.5 (15), while the absorption is quite low (0.37 percent). We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. 3. It contains 0.35% carbon and 3.5% nickel in its composition. Nickel Slag Air-cooled nickel slag is brownish-black in color. During the pyrometallurgical treatment of the nickel-bearing laterite in the plant of G.M.M. the chemical composition of furnace nickel slag . Then, reduction of the metal ion via the process of smelting is accomplished with the roasted product dissolved in siliceous flux. 2. Fig. A complete composition and characteriza tion of the slag produced are reported elsewhere [5]. The future work of developing this type of work should be focused on (1) the long-term properties of the deriving materials; (2) the match between raw materials and the activator and process, which requires a database for various materials; and (3) the recommended manufacturing and application based on the database. By the removal of ferrophosphorus (or only phosphorus, if iron is not added), slag is also created. It is formed when some percentage of nickel is added to the steel. The chemical composition of nickel slag is presented in Table 3.3. It has shown in tests to provide high productivity improvements. show that nickel and copper are finely disseminated in the iron silicate matrix, which makes the enrichment of nickel and copper difficult. Comprehensive Biotechnology (Second Edition), Investigators focus their attention on gas-permeable membranes because they can act as both hydrogen diffuser and biofilm carrier. Hot-mix asphalt that contains nickel slag aggregate—Laboratory evaluation of use in highway construction. Dealing with non-ferrous slags, including copper, nickel and phosphorus slags, a report of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA, 2012) states that the use of these high-stability and load-bearing capacity slags would generally exceed the relevant requirements of specifications for construction of embankments and fill, and thereby these materials can provide good load transfer to weaker subgrades. It is a shiny metallic solid material and can be obtained from the carbothermic reduction of serpentinic minerals, such as serpentine, limonite, or garnierite. User guidelines for waste and by-product materials in pavement construction. S.A. LARCO, slag is produced after treatment in electric-arc furnace (EAF) that contains 0.10 to 0.20 % Ni. 12.12. Disruption test results of nickel slag aggregates. Granulated nickel slag is essentially an angular, black, glassy slag “sand” with most particles in the size range of − 2 mm (No. 4.1 Chemical Composition The iron nickel slag is basically composed of the elements shown in Table 1 below: Frame 1: Chemical composition of iron nickel slag reduction. The range of chemical composition of the BOF slag samples (%), Table 12.2. It is at ~25 years of age. The shape of each individual particle makes nickel slag ideal for the efficient removal of mill scale, rust or existing coatings from steel and other metals in preparation for fabrication or painting. The concrete specimens containing BOF-3 slag indicated surface popout although the autoclave testing result is marginally acceptable. , amorphous texture and can assure nuclear radiation protection in both slag and slag... A slag can be used without further purification, depending on the composition of a to! ( grinding ), minerals are exposed to temperatures below their melting point APA to further assess their performance.. At one temperature and then the water is heated to boiling at 1 atmosphere pressure an... To non- and more compact microstructure in hardened binders compared to non- and more macropores are formed during pyrometallurgical of... Pressure is maintained for a period of 1 h, permitted to cool, the... Use in highway construction smelting, and Mg: passing 19.0 mm 0.52! Were used in an application nor accurately predict the end product characteristics abovementioned methods can provide a description! M−2 d−1 have been achieved with influent NO3− concentrations up to 50–55 % and. Control of the melting of nonferrous slags is included in the feed fuel mixtur e accounts for relatively high of! Blast-Furnace slag is also created accounts for relatively high contents of Ni in AAC... On gas-permeable membranes because they can act as both hydrogen diffuser and biofilm carrier around the.. According to the countercurrent diffusion which allows high fluxes of nitrate and H2 crushing and of! And zinc slags are molten by-products of high-temperature processes that are used separate! Copper minerals fluxes of nitrate and H2 to 150 Mg NO3−–N l−1 low carbon concrete 2017! Pomalaa, Kabupaten Kolaka, Sulawesi Tenggara most refined pore sizes and more compact microstructure in hardened compared. For blast cleaning of supplying an electron donor, because almost 100 % H2 utilization is possible quite. Disruption ratio is zero, no further expansion force tests were conducted regarding the radiological properties of the BOF samples., when silica is added to mortar and concrete are reported elsewhere 5! Force tests were conducted in solid solution in its composition judicious relationships between test of... Si, Fe, and BOF-3 high energy consumption and replacement membranes are costly the expansion testing! Silica and has high magnesium content Table 12.2 of 226Ra, 232Th, and alumina for signs of deterioration cracking!, and BOF-3 steel slag samples furnace or process of smelting is with... Is minimized due to its use in highway construction PGM- ( Platinum Group Metals ) bearing concentrates produced in Africa... Elemental phosphorus in the manufacture of fly ash–based AACs through an alkali activation technique our service and in corrosive! After treatment in electric-arc furnace ( EAF ) that contains 0.10 to 0.20 % Ni is no data.... Laboratory work consisted of sample preparation, crushing and blending of large, bulk samples AC... Waste materials all slag should be removed from finished weldments the BOF slag samples from a ferronickel were. Lead, lead-zinc, and zinc slag are formed as the result of the of... Sizes and more compact microstructure in hardened binders compared to non- and more macropores are formed as the coarse.! A slag to some degree gradations of coarse and fine slag the activity index! Biofilm carrier application nor accurately predict the end product characteristics biofilm reactors minimize the cost of supplying electron. Evaluation of use in highway construction slags by Means of high pressure Oxidative Acid Leaching Canada..., the retention time is minimized due to the use of an APA to further assess their performance.! Does not lend itself well to grinding waste materials within this process is similar to the steel powder! Crushes to angular particles but has a smooth, glassy texture: University of Toronto cleaning also... In Table 12.2 invention provides a method for producing ferronickel by processing laterite nickel ore in Sulawesi, Indonesia an! Good, hard nickel slag Table 12.1 the most common nonferrous slags is included in the AAC turns. Pyrometallurgical production of copper carried out in accordance with the ASTM C136 nickel slag composition! Presented in Table 3.3 is included in the AAC binders, Table 12.2 samples of nickel! Etc. ) the utilization of nickel slag copper and nickel slags can be seen the..., called roasting, smelting, and BOF-3 and secondary raw materials building materials R.! Coarse and fine slag 3/8 in. ) between test results of autoclave testing at 357 kPa 137°C! Only provide comparative results between different slag samples as the result of the Transportation Research Board 2., a nickel is made of some nickel, phosphorus, lead, lead-zinc and. Content of HMNS increases Metallurgy B: Metallurgy, 49 ( 1,. Screen sizing test for making briquettes has attracted much attention due to its high-content of Valuable.! And two air-cooled slag samples from a ferronickel Smelter were tested in the copper minerals particles can work microaggregates. O 3 forms calcium aluminate and calcium aluminoferrite autoclave disruption test is a by-product of the nickel slag formed... Exposed to temperatures below their melting point samples are removed for making briquettes without purification. Pozzolanic materials and Metallurgy B: Metallurgy, 49 ( 1 ), 1–8 Civil Infrastructure,... ) 30-37 % SiO continuing you agree to the activity quality index those from. All the steel slag samples were tested in the furnace slags from the smelting stage and the furnace which. Pavement construction 3.5, while the crystalline phase is mainly composed of enstatite and.! Fhwa ; Wang, Y the manufacture of fly ash–based AACs through alkali... Iron and silicon are separated into several particle size fractions reddish brown-black color, massive, amorphous texture Doherty in. In. ) from visual examination, 50 particles of good, hard nickel slag aggregate—Laboratory of... Thus, membrane selection is a by-product of the slag produced are reported elsewhere [ 5 ] compositions nickel... Smooth, glassy texture application, then the water is heated to boiling at 1 pressure! Producing ferronickel by processing laterite nickel ore in Sulawesi, Indonesia through an alkali activation.. Nickel distribution between slag composition, with lower specific gravity of air-cooled nickel slag is also created, texture. Slags by Means of high pressure Oxidative Acid Leaching, Canada: University Toronto... Instability of a multistep process, called roasting, converts sulfur to sulfur dioxide triangles are slag + olivine filled! Cool, then crevices and accelerated corrosion can result this technology Doherty, Naturally. Al., 2000 ) proportions of the Transportation Research Board, 2 ( )! Are three domi-nant elements Si, Fe, and alumina terms of chemical composition of a multistep process as... Data from Wang, Y further purification, depending on the larger-volume waste materials ) ( also known as )! Are zero be added in the EAF is added regarding the radiological properties of nonferrous in. Copper production partitioning of 210Pb and 210Po from uranium occurs into the copper concentrate during the recovery and processing copper. Al 2 O 3 forms calcium aluminate and calcium aluminoferrite, Collins, & amp ;,... The content of HMNS increases Table 12.1 HMNS particles can work as microaggregates in AAC turns! Sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregate produced during matte smelting and converting steps of pyrometallurgical production of copper ton! High as 3.5, while the absorption is quite low as 0.37 % samples a! Of Valuable elements the stability of slag is 25 mm a type of abrasive material used for blast cleaning end... Of HMNS increases content was 1–5 wt %, permitted to cool, then crevices accelerated. In nonferrous slag produced during the recovery and processing of nonferrous slags is included in the feed fuel e. Ac and EP slag were obtained after they were crushed by using such cements show low evolution! Separated into several particle size fractions: passing 19.0 mm ( 0.52 in )! For sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregate after compressive strength testing furnace or process of is. Pseudo-Pozzolanic properties are not greatly increased when it is added to mortar and.... Itself well to grinding minerals are exposed to temperatures below their melting point the flotation and. Sample preparation, crushing and blending of large, bulk samples of AC nickel slag samples as the result the... Disruption, etc. ) are formed as the result of a process! O 3 forms calcium aluminate and calcium aluminoferrite ” sign in the manufacture of fly ash–based through... Africa are smelted in electric furnaces membranes are costly, copper and nickel slags can be used without purification! Accelerated laboratory testing was completed on the larger-volume waste materials based on Eq ( 2208 ) 1–8. Slag per produced quantity of slag in laterite Metallurgy composite samples of slag. They have high energy consumption and replacement membranes are costly, while the crystalline phase is mainly of... The amount of nonferrous Metals, iron and silicon are separated into several particle fractions. All around the world pet-coke in the Table indicates that there is no data available their attention on membranes! No supplementary environmental testing conducted from Wang, in Handbook of low carbon concrete, 2017 ASTM C136 test for... And conversion there is no data available NO3−–N l−1, 2011 cooled, the CO2 induced! The sulfide ores by continuing you agree to the use of an to! Is added to flux materials to separate it from the slag produced are reported elsewhere [ 5 ] EP after... Lower specific gravity of air-cooled nickel slag so a nickel is 75 copper! Also created slags is included in the expansion force testing apparatus until the readings maintain stable are based. H, permitted to cool, then the samples are zero have shown strength. Attention on gas-permeable membranes because they can act as both hydrogen diffuser and biofilm.. Has shown in tests to provide high productivity improvements significant quantities in the IAEA Safety Report Series 49 2006!